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Exercise Physiology
Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute is referred to as | cardiac output |
| according to lecture, the principle by which the heart works to pump blood is due to | pressure differences |
| in an elite athlete, which of the following is true concerning stroke volume | increased stroke volume at rest increased stroke volume at a standardized submaximal rate of work increased stroke volume at maximal rates of work |
| what organ system receives the majority of blood flow during exercise | skeletal muscle |
| what organ system receives less blood flow (% and absolute) during exercise | intestines/kidneys/liver/spalnchic bed |
| increases in cardiac output during exercise at an intensity above 80% of maximum are largely the result of increased... | heart rate |
| stroke volume increases with increasing rates of work up to an exercise intensity of ___% of maximal capacity | 40 to 60 |
| EDV - ESV | SV |
| if myocardial contractility is decreased, which of the following will increase? | ESV |
| in order to redistribute blood flow at the onset of exercise, the sympathetic nervous system stimulates ______________, while local factors (CO2, temp, H+) stimulate _____________ to increase blood flow to working skeletal muscle | vasoconstriction, vasodilation |
| Determinants of stroke volume (SV) include | ventricular distensibility and contractility the volume of venous blood returned to the heart the aortic or pulmonary arterial pressure |
| True or False resting cardiac output averages about 5L/min in healthy adults | true |
| True or False a positive chronotropic effect upon the heart will increase HR | true |
| True or False Maximal cardiac output can exceed 30L/min in elite endurance athletes | true |
| cardiorespiratory endurance training will cause which of the following changes? | an increase in plasma volume and an increase in red blood cell volume |
| at very high heart rates during cardiorespiratory endurance exercise, stroke volume may decrease because of... | inadequate ventricular filling resulting from a shortening of diastole |
| cardiorespiratory endurance training causes | an increase in left ventricular chamber size an increase in myocardial wall thickness |
| the largest part of the increase in maximal oxygen uptake in response to endurance training results from | increased cardiac output and muscle blood flow |
| over years of training, maximal oxygen uptake tends to stabilize. Further improvements in an endurance athlete's performance (race pace) are most likely due to | increased lactate threshold |
| the Fick equation indicates that the rate of oxygen consumption is equal to | cardiac output times a-VO2 difference |
| cardiorespiratory endurance-trained athletes are able to achieve much higher maximal cardiac outputs than the average person because of | an increased maximal stroke volume and an increased ventricular size |
| the heart of a highly trained endurance athlete would be characterized by | increased end-diastolic pressure increased left ventricular wall thickness increased ejection fraction |
| in response to cardiorespiratory endurance training, what occurs to cardiac output | maximal cardiac output is substantially increased |
| following training, RBC volume will (increase/decrease) | increase |
| following training, hematocrit will (increase/decrease) | decrease |
| following training, hematocrit with decrease due to an (increase/decrease) in _________________ | increase in plasma volume |
| the normal pacemaker of the heart is the | sinoatrial node |
| what is responsible for increasing HR to values above 100bpm | sympathetic nervous system |
| parasympathetic stimulation of the heart... | is mediated by the vagus nerve |
| stroke volume equals | EDV - systolic volume |
| blood to the skeletal muscles in pumped from which chamber of the heart | left ventricle |
| skeletal muscles receive approximately ______% of the total cardiac output under resting conditions, but they can receive as much as ____% of cardiac output during heavy endurance exercise | 15;80 |
| true or false parasympathetic stimulation of the heart causes the heart rate to increase | false |
| true or false the heart does not have to receive an impulse from the sympathetic nervous system to in order to contract | true |
| true or false a positive inotropic effect upon the heart will increase contractility | true |
| how does stroke volume change with aerobic training | increased SV at rest increased SV at a standardized submaximal rate increased SV at maximal rates of work |
| the ratio of total blood cell mass to total blood volume is referred to as | hematocrit |
| the oxygen-carrying function of the blood is provided by | hemoglobin |
| aerobic training results in what heart rate adaptations? | decrease in resting HR lower HR at a standard submaximal rate of work |
| the average hematocrit for a human is approximately ____% | 40 to 45 |
| an increase in RBC without an equivalent increase in plasma volume results in | increased blood viscosity |
| at very high HR during cardiorespiratory endurance exercise, stroke volume may decrease because of... | inadequate ventricular filling resulting from a shortening of diastole |
| what allows an increase in muscle blood flow during submaximal and maximal exercise after cardiorespiratory endurance training | increased capillarization of trained skeletal muscle greater utilization of existing capillaries in trained skeletal muscles more effective distribution of blood |
| what would not contribute to increased endurance performance | a decrease in lactate threshold |
| what is the best objective laboratory measure of aerobic power, or cardiorespiratory endurance? | maximal oxygen uptake |
| echocardiography can used to view and measure or monitor... | thickness of heart walls action of the heart valves size of the heart chambers |
| according to lecture, the measurement of VO2 is synonymous with | cardiovascular function |
| the best objective measure for cardiovascular function | VO2max |
| the best objective measure for cardiac function is | cardiac output (Q) |
| the concept of preload as it relates to improved cardiac hemodynamics is best described by what relationship | Frank-Starling |
| an increase in the vigor of contraction is termed a positive _________effect | inotropic |
| a positive inotropic effect is normally a function of the _________________ nervous system | sympathetic |
| decreased vigor of contraction is termed a positive _____________ effect | inotropic |
| a negative inotropic effect is normally a function of the ______________ nervous system | parasympathetic |
| changes in vigor of contraction are a result of the amount of ___________ released into the mycardium | calcium |
| the heart works as a pump by creating a positive ____________ differental | pressure |
| the hydraulic pump system of the heart is affected by length _____________ of the vessel, and the ______________ of the blood, described by ______________ law | radius/diameter; viscosity; posielles |
| ventilation = | TV*Bf(rr) |
| during exercise, the ventilation perfusion ration Ve/Q | increases |
| increased Ve during exercise is primarily stimulated by increased blood levels of ________ | CO2 |
| increased Ve at the onset exercise is primarily due to __________ factors | neural |
| True or False the Bohr effect increases loading of oxygen in the lungs | false |
| the mechanism for movement of air into and out of the lungs is _______________ | ventilation |
| ventilation is accomplished by muscle contractions that increase lung volume (inspiration) and decreases lung volume (expiration). These changes conform to ___________ law | Boyles |
| True or False lung volumes increase significantly with training | false |
| resting lung volumes are measured with a technique called _____________ | spirometry |
| alveolar ventilation = | T(v-deadspace) * Bf (rr) |
| the oxygen cascade was described as it relates to this gas law | Dalton's law |
| True or False the ventilatory equivalent of O2 decreases during incrementally increasing exercise | false |
| following training, blood lactate levels are __________ at the same absolute exercise intensity | lower |
| following training, the lactate threshold will | shift right |
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elyk01
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