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Stuttering
General stuttering content
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define Fluency | The effortless forward flow of speech |
| Define dysfluency | A disruption or breakdown in the flow of speech |
| What are two major dysfluencies? | Stuttering and cluttering |
| Define cluttering | Disfluency characterized by very RAPID rate of speech, UNEVEN rate, and OMITTED sounds. Emerges at a young age, speaker is unaware |
| Types of non-developmental stuttering: | 1. Neurogenic: Results from conditions such as brain injury/drugs affecting various areas of the brain 2. Psychogenic stuttering: rare, psychopathology is clearly diagnosed, emerges suddenly in this population |
| What is more common: Non-developmental or developmental stuttering? | Developmental |
| Define stuttering (Van Riper) | "Stuttering occurs when the forward flow of speech is interrupted by a motorically disrupted sound, syllable, or word and the speakers reaction to it" - Van Riper (1982) |
| What is the ASHA definition of stuttering? | "Stuttering is defined as any disruption in the forward flow of speech characterized by repetitions, prolongations, blocks, hesitations, and interjections that are perceived by the speaker as being out of control" |
| What are the core stuttering behaviors? | 1. Repetitions 2. Prolongations 3. Blocks |
| Define repetitions: | 1. Part word, whole word, phrase 2. Vary in rate and rhythm 3. Reflect searches for appropriate co-articulatory transitions 4. Often schwa or another vowel used in place of correct vowel |
| Define prolongations: | 1. Vary in LOUDNESS, TENSION, AIRFLOW, PITCH 2. Reflect searching movements *some authors distinguish between silent and audible prolongations |
| Define blocks: | 1. Audible vs. silent 2. Laryngeal vs. articulatory 3. Reflects complete cessation of airflow resulting in an inability to produce speech 4. Varies in duration and tension *develop last and are a more severe dysfluency |
| What are secondary stuttering behaviors? | 1. Escape 2. Avoidance These are a response to stuttering and may occur before, during, on in place of the moment of stuttering |
| What are escape behaviors? | 1. These develop PRIOR to avoidance behaviors, are RANDOM AT FIRST, but later serve to release person from stuttering moment through NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT 2. Prominent in INTERMEDIATE and ADVANCED stages |
| What are avoidance behaviors? | 1. Learned response to anticipation of stuttering. Similar to escape except they are now used prior to stuttering 2. Maintained by positive reinforcement 3. Begin in intermediate, prevalent in advanced stages |
| What are the types of escape behaviors? (1) | 1. Tremors: Result from tension, seen in severe stutters, simultaneous contraction of antagonistic muscles, generates extreme panic |
| What are the types of escape behaviors? (2) | 2. Vocal fry: Response to laryngeal closure, attempts to initiate voicing 3. Speaking on complemental air: exhalation of mos of tidal air volume; weak, strained muscles |
| What are the types of escape behaviors? (3) | 4. Interruption reaction: Attempts to terminate block; may be jaw jerks, hand movement, eye closure, tongue clicks, lip smacking, tongue protrusion, postural changes. 5. Gasping: attempts to interrupt closure |
| What are the types of avoidance behaviors? | 1. Word/sound avoidance 2. Circumlocution 3. Postponements 4. Situational avoidance 5. Timing devices 6. Starters (e.g., you know, etc.) 7. Trigger postures 8. Disguise reactions |
| What are the feelings (affective) of stuttering? | Frustrated, nervous, scared, upset embarrassed, guilt, shame, denial |
| What are the attitudes (cognitive) of stuttering? | Related more to beliefs about stuttering and stutters. For example, stuttering is bad, wrong, nasty, PWS are stupid, unworthy etc. |
| Describe Sheehan's Iceberg of Stuttering: | At the surface there are the core features (repetitions, prolongations, blocks). Just below the water there is secondary features (avoidance, escape). Deep in the water are the feelings and attitudes about stuttering (fear, guilt, shame). |
| What is the prevalence of stuttering? | The extent to which the disorder is widespread: 1% |
| What is the incidence of stuttering? | The number of people who have stuttered in their lifetime: 5% |
| What is the usual onset of stuttering? | Between 2-5 years of age (mean: 38 months), it may be gradual or sudden, usually associated with a period of intense language grown. It is frequently cyclic and episodic in children. |
| What are the fluency breaks in fluent speakers (normal nonfluencies)? | 1. Difficulty formulating message content (formative fluency breaks) - Usually repetitions and interjections between WORD and PHRASE/SYNTACTIC units - There is little/no effort or tension - It is the result of linguistic planning uncertainty |
| What are the fluency breaks in in stuttering(PWS)? | 1. WITHIN word motoric breakdowns (motoric fluency breaks) - Breaks between SOUNDS, SYLLABLES (post-word breaks) - Obvious tension/effort - Pauses with stoppages of airflow and voicing - Excessive prolongations of sounds/syllables |
| When does stuttering usually begin? | After a period of fluent speech |
| Does stuttering rise from normal non-fluency? | No |
| Dis-fluency can occur repetitively suddenly, what are the percentages? | 40% after one, two, or three days 32% after 1-2 weeks 27% after 3-6+ weeks |
| What are some additional characteristics of stuttering? | 1. Greater # of repetitions 2. Faster repetitions 3. Clustering of form types 4. Level of awareness (depending on maturity/temperament) 5. Negative attitudes (developing as young as 3-4 years) |
| Stuttering is HIGHLY IDIOSYNCRATIC, with each individual demonstrating unique stuttering behaviors, however what are some predictable aspects of stuttering? | 1. The anticipation of stuttering 2. The adaption of stuttering behavior 3. The consistency of stuttering |
| What are stuttered more consistently: Initial consonants or initial vowels? | Initial consonants are stuttered more consistently than initial vowels |
| What are the four principle parts of speech in which stuttering most occurs? | 1. Nouns 2. Verbs 3. Adjectives 4. Adverbs ("focal point" words, - Bloodstien) |
| Increased stuttering occurs on the first word of an utterance when: | 1. Initiating - from silence to speech 2. During attempts to get listener attention 3. When one has increased self-consciousness |
| Stuttering occurs more often in longer or shorter words? | Longer |
| Stuttering occurs more often on more or less frequently occurring words? | Less |
| When do PWS experience more fluent speech? | 1. Speaking alone 2. Speaking in unison (chorale reading) 3. Speaking in time to rhythmic stimulus 4. Singing 5. Talking while writing 6. Swearing 7. Automatic speech (reporting, acting) |
| What percentage of children age 2-6 are aware of their stuttering? | 10-15%, awareness increases with age (especially in 4-5 year old's). By age 6 most children will have developed a negative attitude about speaking. |
| Is there any indication that emotional distress or exposure causes stuttering? | No, in fact the initial signs of stuttering proceed or co-occur with the event. There is no evidence to support "emotional event as cause". |
Created by:
aly435
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