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Chapter 41
Animal Nutrition
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Choose the list that presents the four stages of food processing in the order in which they naturally occur. | ingestion → digestion → absorption → elimination |
| When digested, proteins are broken down into _____. | amino acids |
| When digested, fats are broken down into _____. | both glycerol and fatty acids |
| Starch is a type of _____. | polysaccharide |
| Your small intestine can absorb ____ without their being further digested. | frutose |
| Which of these enzymes begins the breakdown of starch? | amylase |
| Starch can be broken down into the disaccharide known as _____. | maltose |
| _____ is secreted by the _____ and acts to emulsify _____ in the _____. | Bile ... liver ... fats ... small intestine |
| Different types of food are eaten by various groups of animals, but it is usually true that _____. | cellulose digestion in ruminant mammals occurs before the ingested foods reach the small intestine |
| In a well-fed human eating a Western diet, the richest source of stored chemical energy in the body is | fat in adipose tissue. |
| Certain nutrients are considered "essential" in the diets of some animals because | these animals are not able to synthesize these nutrients. |
| To maintain adequate nutrition, animals require dietary access to certain amino acids. An amino acid that is referred to as "nonessential" would be best described as one that | can be made by the animal's body from other substances |
| Which physiological process with the appropriate vitamin? production of white blood cells and vitamin K protection of skin from cancer and vitamin E normal vision and vitamin A synthesis of cell membranes and vitamin D blood clotting and vitamin C | normal vision and vitamin A |
| The fat-soluble vitamins include calcium. iodine. vitamin B12. vitamin C. vitamin A. | vitamin A. |
| Which pair correctly associates a biochemical process with the appropriate mineral associated with its use in animals? | maintenance of bone and calcium |
| The most likely reason that some of the vitamins and minerals in this supplement are found at less than 100% is | it is dangerous to overdose on fat-soluble vitamins such as A and K. |
| Fat digestion yields fatty acids and glycerol, whereas protein digestion yields amino acids; both digestive processes | add a water molecule to break bonds (hydrolysis). |
| Ingested dietary substances must cross cell membranes to be used by the body, a process known as | absorption. |
| An advantage of a complete digestive system over a gastrovascular cavity is that the complete system | allows for specialized regions with specialized functions. |
| Earthworms, grasshoppers, and birds all have a | crop |
| Because the foods eaten by animals are often composed largely of macromolecules, this requires the animals to have mechanisms for | enzymatic hydrolysis. |
| For ingested foods, the first opportunity for enzymatic digestion occurs in the _____. | mouth |
| In the digestive system, peristalsis is | smooth muscle contractions that move food along the esophagus. |
| After ingestion by humans, the first category of macromolecules to be chemically digested by enzymes in the mouth is | carbohydrates |
| Salivary amylase digests | starches |
| Digestive secretions with a pH of 2 are characteristic of the | stomache |
| Pepsin is a digestive enzyme that | begins the hydrolysis of proteins in the stomach. |
| Upon activation by stomach acidity, the secretions of the parietal cells | initiate the digestion of protein in the stomach. |
| The bile salts | emulsify fats in the duodenum. |
| Complex nutrients are digested and then absorbed into the lymph or bloodstream as | monomers |
| The absorption of fats differs from that of carbohydrates in that the | most absorbed fat first enters the lymphatic system, whereas carbohydrates directly enter the blood. |
| For a nondiabetic person, the glucose concentration in this part of the vasculature varies more than in any other part. | hepatic portal vessel |
| A significant contribution of intestinal bacteria to human nutrition is the benefit of bacterial | production of vitamin K |
| Stomach cells are moderately well adapted to the acidity and protein-digesting activities in the stomach by having | a thick, mucous secretion and active mitosis of epithelial cells. |
| The molar teeth of herbivorous mammals are especially effective at | grinding |
| The adaptations suited to a carnivorous diet include | bile salts |
| When the digestion and absorption of organic carbohydrates results in more energy-rich molecules than are immediately required by an animal, the excess is | stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles. |
| A fasting animal whose energy needs exceed those provided in its diet draws on its stored resources in which order? | liver glycogen, then muscle glycogen, then fat |
| Obesity in humans is most clearly linked to | type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. |
| Among mammals, it is generally true that | the epiglottis prevents swallowed food from entering the trachea. |
| Because adult lampreys attach onto the surface of large fish for long periods of time to feed on body fluids, they can accomplish nutritional balance without need for a | stomach |
| Many people have a tendency to gorge on rich, fatty foods. How could such a preference have evolved? | In ancestral hunter-gatherer communities, individuals with a tendency to gorge on such foods when available would have had a selective advantage. |
| After surgical removal of an infected gallbladder, a person must be especially careful to restrict dietary intake of | fats |
| If you were to jog 1 km a few hours after lunch, which stored fuel would you probably tap? | muscle and liver glycogen |
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