Animal Nutrition
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| Choose the list that presents the four stages of food processing in the order in which they naturally occur. | ingestion → digestion → absorption → elimination
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| When digested, proteins are broken down into _____. | amino acids
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| When digested, fats are broken down into _____. | both glycerol and fatty acids
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| Starch is a type of _____. | polysaccharide
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| Your small intestine can absorb ____ without their being further digested. | frutose
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| Which of these enzymes begins the breakdown of starch? | amylase
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| Starch can be broken down into the disaccharide known as _____. | maltose
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| _____ is secreted by the _____ and acts to emulsify _____ in the _____. | Bile ... liver ... fats ... small intestine
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| Different types of food are eaten by various groups of animals, but it is usually true that _____. | cellulose digestion in ruminant mammals occurs before the ingested foods reach the small intestine
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| In a well-fed human eating a Western diet, the richest source of stored chemical energy in the body is | fat in adipose tissue.
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| Certain nutrients are considered "essential" in the diets of some animals because | these animals are not able to synthesize these nutrients.
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| To maintain adequate nutrition, animals require dietary access to certain amino acids. An amino acid that is referred to as "nonessential" would be best described as one that | can be made by the animal's body from other substances
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| Which physiological process with the appropriate vitamin? production of white blood cells and vitamin K protection of skin from cancer and vitamin E normal vision and vitamin A synthesis of cell membranes and vitamin D blood clotting and vitamin C | normal vision and vitamin A
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| The fat-soluble vitamins include calcium. iodine. vitamin B12. vitamin C. vitamin A. | vitamin A.
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| Which pair correctly associates a biochemical process with the appropriate mineral associated with its use in animals? | maintenance of bone and calcium
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| The most likely reason that some of the vitamins and minerals in this supplement are found at less than 100% is | it is dangerous to overdose on fat-soluble vitamins such as A and K.
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| Fat digestion yields fatty acids and glycerol, whereas protein digestion yields amino acids; both digestive processes | add a water molecule to break bonds (hydrolysis).
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| Ingested dietary substances must cross cell membranes to be used by the body, a process known as | absorption.
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| An advantage of a complete digestive system over a gastrovascular cavity is that the complete system | allows for specialized regions with specialized functions.
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| Earthworms, grasshoppers, and birds all have a | crop
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| Because the foods eaten by animals are often composed largely of macromolecules, this requires the animals to have mechanisms for | enzymatic hydrolysis.
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| For ingested foods, the first opportunity for enzymatic digestion occurs in the _____. | mouth
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| In the digestive system, peristalsis is | smooth muscle contractions that move food along the esophagus.
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| After ingestion by humans, the first category of macromolecules to be chemically digested by enzymes in the mouth is | carbohydrates
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| Salivary amylase digests | starches
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| Digestive secretions with a pH of 2 are characteristic of the | stomache
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| Pepsin is a digestive enzyme that | begins the hydrolysis of proteins in the stomach.
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| Upon activation by stomach acidity, the secretions of the parietal cells | initiate the digestion of protein in the stomach.
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| The bile salts | emulsify fats in the duodenum.
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| Complex nutrients are digested and then absorbed into the lymph or bloodstream as | monomers
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| The absorption of fats differs from that of carbohydrates in that the | most absorbed fat first enters the lymphatic system, whereas carbohydrates directly enter the blood.
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| For a nondiabetic person, the glucose concentration in this part of the vasculature varies more than in any other part. | hepatic portal vessel
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| A significant contribution of intestinal bacteria to human nutrition is the benefit of bacterial | production of vitamin K
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| Stomach cells are moderately well adapted to the acidity and protein-digesting activities in the stomach by having | a thick, mucous secretion and active mitosis of epithelial cells.
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| The molar teeth of herbivorous mammals are especially effective at | grinding
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| The adaptations suited to a carnivorous diet include | bile salts
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| When the digestion and absorption of organic carbohydrates results in more energy-rich molecules than are immediately required by an animal, the excess is | stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles.
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| A fasting animal whose energy needs exceed those provided in its diet draws on its stored resources in which order? | liver glycogen, then muscle glycogen, then fat
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| Obesity in humans is most clearly linked to | type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
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| Among mammals, it is generally true that | the epiglottis prevents swallowed food from entering the trachea.
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| Because adult lampreys attach onto the surface of large fish for long periods of time to feed on body fluids, they can accomplish nutritional balance without need for a | stomach
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| Many people have a tendency to gorge on rich, fatty foods. How could such a preference have evolved? | In ancestral hunter-gatherer communities, individuals with a tendency to gorge on such foods when available would have had a selective advantage.
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| After surgical removal of an infected gallbladder, a person must be especially careful to restrict dietary intake of | fats
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| If you were to jog 1 km a few hours after lunch, which stored fuel would you probably tap? | muscle and liver glycogen
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