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What are the closest living relatives to land plants?
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What are 4 traits that charophytes and land plants have in common?
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Bio exam 1, pt.1

plant diversity

QuestionAnswer
What are the closest living relatives to land plants? green algae called Charophytes
What are 4 traits that charophytes and land plants have in common? 1. Rings of cellulose-synthesizing proteins 2. Peroxisome enzymes 3. Similar flagellated sperm 4. Development of a phragmoplast during cytokinesis
All traits unique to land plants are ________ to live on land. adaptations
Land plants have complex tissues that grow from _____ ______. apical meristems
What are apical meristems? localized regions of cell division
What type of distinctive reproductive cycle do land plants have? Alternation of generations
Explain alternation of generations. All land plants alternate between a haploid and a diploid generation
What are the two alternating generations? Sporophytes and Gametophytes
Sporophytes are _____ and produce ______. diploid, spores
Gametophytes are _____ and produce ______. haploid, gametes
Sporophytes produce haploid spores by _____ in structures called ______. meiosis, sporangia
Gametophytes produce haploid gametes by _____ in structures called _______. mitosis, gametangia
What are male gametangia called? Antheridia (produce sperm)
What are female gametangia called? Archegonia (produce eggs)
Many land plants have a waxy covering over the epidermis called a _____ that prevents water loss. cuticle
Many land plants have symbiotic fungi called _____ that help the plant absorb nutrients from the soil. mycorrhizae
Many land plants have molecules called _____ _____ that help defend the plant against attack by herbivores and pathogens. secondary compounds
Plants have diversity. What are three groups? nonvascular plants (bryophytes), seedless vascular plants, and seed plants(also vascular).
Define bryophyte nonvascular plants
What are the three phyla of bryophytes (nonvascular plants) liverworts, hornworts, and mosses.
What are two phyla of seedless vascular plants? lycophytaand pterophyta
What are some expamples of lycophyta? club moss, spike moss, and quillworts
What are some examples of pterophyta? ferns, horsetails, and wisk ferns.
There are two kinds of seed plants, what are they? gymnosperms and angiosperms
What are some examples of gymnosperms? conifers, cycads, ginkos, and gnetophytes.
What is an example of angiosperm? flowering plants
Explain the life cycle of a moss. Haploid spores form into male and female gametophytes. After fertilization, the haploid gametophytes produce a diploid zygote. The zygote develops into an embryo and then a sporophyte. The mature sporophyte produces haploid spores, and start the cycle.
What are the gametophytes of the moss? the green, leaflike part of the plant.
What are the sporophytes of the moss? the sporophytes grow out the top of the plant.
Sporophytes are dependent on the ______ for nutrients. gametophyte
Sporophytes consist of a stalk and capsule which releases _____ into the air. spores
The spores grow into more _______. gametophytes
Name two reasons why the colonization of land by early bryophytes are significant. It enriched the soil and made colonization of land by animals possible.
Moss can help improve the ___. soil
Moss can live in ______ _______, where other plants can't. extreme environments
______ moss is ecological and historical importance due to it's resistance to decay. sphagnum moss (peat moss)
Sphagnum moss forms deposits called ____ that has been used as fuel for hundreds of years. peat
What are two other reasons why "peat" moss is important. it acts as an important carbon reservoir that stabilizes Earth’s climate, and also has preserved archaeological artifacts
Why are bryophytes small plants that live in moist environments? because they lack vascular tissues
Lycophyta: club mosses and spike mosses are small plants, but are not true mosses because they contain _____ ______. vascular tissue
Some extinct species of lycophyta were ____ ____. tree sized
Pteridophyta: Ferns are the most _____ seedless vascular plants. diverse (with 12,000 species)
Pteridophyta: ______ used to be diverse, but now only genus Equisetum left; known as “scouring rushes”. Horsetails
Pteridophyta: Whisk ferns resemble ______ vascular plants primitive
Because of vascular tissue, vascular plants can... grow bigger and taller than nonvascular plants.
Unlike nonvascular plants, vascular plants have true ____, ____, and ______. roots, stems, and leaves
Vascular tissue consists of _____ and _____. xylem and phloem
What is the function of xylem? Xylem conducts water and minerals up from roots to rest of plant, and provides structural support.
What is the function of phloem? conducts sugars from sources to sinks
Define roots Plant organs specialized to take up water and nutrients from the soil.
What are two other functions of roots? anchor plants to the ground and stores food for the plant.
Roots probably evolved from _______ stems. subterranean
Define leaves Plant organs specialized for photosynthesis.
Leaves have a large _____ ____ to capture maximum solar energy. surface area
Leaves have a waxy _____ on leaves and stems reduce water loss by plant. cuticle
Leaves also have stomata. Define stomata. pores on leaves of plants to allow gas exchange. They can be opened and closed to conserve water.
Like Bryophytes, the sperm of seedless vascular plants must swim from the antheridia to eggs in the archegonia, restricting these plants to ___ _____. wet habitats
What are the sporophytes of ferns? the familiar big leafy plants
What are the gametophytes of ferns? tiny, heart shaped plants that are separate from the sporophyte
Seedless vascular plants were the dominant plants during the ______ and ______ periods. Devonian and Carboniferous periods.
Seedless vascular plants formed huge forests that trapped large amounts of ________, cooling the climate and producing more Oxygen. carbondioxide
Oxygen levels in the atmosphere were about twice what they are today. How did this affect the environment? it allowed giant arthropods to evolve, like dragonflies the size of hawks.
Why is the Carboniferous Period (354-290 mya also known as the Coal Age? Dead forest plants decayed slowly, was buried, and turned into coal. This is where coal deposits we use for energy today come from.
Define seed plants Vascular plants that produce seeds
Define Seeds complex structures that consist of a plant embryo and stored food surrounded by a protective coat
Seed plants have _____ to transfer their sperm. pollen
unlike seedless plants, seed plants are not dependent on ______ ______ for reproduction. standing water
____ plants are the dominant land plants today Seed
What are they two types of seed? Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
Gymnosperms have ____ seeds in ____. naked, cones
Angiosperms have _____ seeds in ____. enclosed, fruits
Seed plants have reduced _______ that is dependent on _______. gametophyte, sporophyte
Seed plants are ______, which means they have two types of spores. heterosporous
What are the two types of spores that seed plants have? megaspores and microspores
Megasporangia produce megaspores that grow into _____ gametophytes. female
Microsporangia produce microspores grow into ____ gametophytes. male
Seed plants have _____, which turns into seeds if pollinated. ovules
Define pollen. male gametophyte enclosed within pollen wall
What are three traits of gametophytes in seed plants? 1. The gametophytes of seed plants are tiny 2. Develop within the walls of spores 3. They are retained within tissues of parent sporophyte
Nonvascular plants and most seedless vascular plants are ________, which means they produce only one type of spore homosporous
What is an important advantage of heterospory? Seed plants produce two types of spores that produce separate male and female gametophytes. This mandates cross-fertilization for genetic diversity.
Retaining gametophytes within ____ ____ protects them from environmental damage. spore walls
What do the ovules of seed plants contain? a megasporangium, megaspore, and one or more protective integuments.
How many integuments do gymnosperms have? one
How many integuments do angiosperms have? two
Microspores develop into ____ _____, which contain the male gametophytes pollen grains
Define pollination the transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules
Pollen eliminates the need for _____ to reproduce. water
If a pollen grain germinates, it grows a ____ ____ that discharges two sperm (male gametes) into the female gametophyte within the ovule pollen tube
What are some advantages of seeds over spores? Seeds may remain dormant until conditions are favorable for germination, and the can be transported long distances.
Most gymnosperm are _____ shrubs or _____. "woody shrubs or trees?"
Define wood a tissue composed of empty pipelike arrays of water-conducting xylem
Very thick cell walls in wood contain ______ and _____, which gives wood its strength. cellulose and lignin
_______ were the first plants to have wood. progymnosperms
What was strange about the relationship between wood and seeds? Wood seems to have evolved before seeds.
____ gymnosperms were the dominant plants during the Mesozoic Era (248-65 mya), the Age of Dinosaurs True
Many of the true gymnosperms became extinct at the end of the _______ Period Cretaceous
Cycads have ____-____ leaves and large _____. palm-like leaves and large cones
About ___ species of cycads today, many are endangered tropical plants. 300
The ____ Palm, Cycas revoluta, is a cycad (not a palm) native to Japan that is a popular landscape plant. Sago
Cycas micronesica has ________ ________ that produce a toxin harmful to the health of humans who eat cycad seeds or meat of animals that have eaten cycad seeds mutualistic cyanobacteria
Cones emit odors that attract beetles for pollination odors
There's only 1 kind of ginkgo species today called Ginkgo _____. biloba
The ginkgo biloba are native to China. What are three things we use them for? 1. Their seeds called “ginkgo nuts” are edible 2. Their leaves used as herbal medicine 3. Popular landscapes
There are three genera of gnetophyte alive today. They are very diverse with unusual _______. diverse with unusual adaptations
What are the three genera of gnetophyte? Gnetum, Ephedra, and welwitschia
Gnetum: More than 30 species of vines, shrubs, and trees in tropical _____ and ____ . Africa and Asia
Gnetum have ____, _____ leaves to capture light in shady forest conditions large, broad
About 40 species of Ephedra, native to ______ ____. southwesten U.S.
Ephedra have tiny, ____-____ leaves and _________ stems to reduce water loss in desert scale-like, photosynthetic
Ephedra contains ephedrine, a stimulant drug also called _______ ___, that has been used in cold medicine, diet pills. Mormon tea
Only one species, Welwitschia mirabilis, native to Namib Desert in southwestern Africa, one of the _____ places on Earth. driest
Welwitschia have only ___ big leaves that grow continuously during plant’s life, are broken and shredded by the wind. two
Welwitschia have a lifespan of over _____ years 1,000
Welwitschia grow in one of the driest places on earth. Where do they get water? from coastal fog.
______ is the largest gymnosperm phylum alive today, with more than 500 species Coniferophyta
Most conifers are ______ with scale-like or needle-like leaves covered in a thick cuticle to conserve water. evergreens
conifers: ______ ___ provides more timber than any other North American tree Douglas fir
conifers: ______ ____ are one of the few deciduous conifers; native to the mountains of Europe European larch
Conifers: ______ ____ are the oldest living trees in the world. Bristlecone pine
Conifers: ____ ______ are the largest trees in the world Giant Sequoia
Conifers: _____ ______are the tallest trees in the world. Coast redwood
Conifers: _____“berries” are actually female cones; some species are edible and used as a spice and to make gin Junipers
Conifers: ______ ____thought to be extinct during Mesozoic Era, until discovery of just 40 individuals in a national park in Australia in 1994 Wollemi pine
The pine tree is the _______, with ______ in male and female cones sporophyte, sporangia
Male cones are small and produce microspores called _____ _____, containing the male gametophytes pollen grains
Female cones are much larger and contain ovules, which produce megaspores that develop into female ________. gametophytes
Flowers and fruits are angiosperms defining features, along with _____ _______ to produce endosperm in the seeds. double fertilization
Angiosperms are the most important plants to humans with 250,000 species today, ___% of all plant species 90
Flowers are complex structures for ______ __________. sexual reproduction
Flowers evolved from leafy _____. shoots
Flowers produce ______ and _____ and aid in their dispersal. pollen and seeds
What parts of the flower encloses it? sepals
What parts of the flower are brightly colored to attract pollinators? petals
What parts of the flower produce pollen? stamens
What parts of the flower produce ovules? carpels
Carpels produce ovules, fused into a structure called a _____. pistil
Flower organs are attached to the _______ at the tip of a stalk called the _____. receptacle, pedicel
What are 4 different types of flowers? complete, incomplete, perfect, and imperfect
complete flowers have all 4 flower organs
incomplete flowers lack one or more organs
perfect flowers contain both stamens and carpels
imperfect flowers lack either stamens or carpels
fruits develop from _____ of flower, and sometimes contains other flower parts ovary
The fruit protects ____ and aids in _______ seeds, dispersal
The sporophyte’s flower contains both ____ and ______ structures. male and female
Most flowers have mechanisms to ensure ____-_______ between flowers from different plants of the same species cross-pollination
A pollen grain that has landed on a stigma _______ and the pollen tube of the male gametophyte grows down to the ovary germinates
The ovule is entered by a pore called the ______. micropyle
______ __________ occurs when the pollen tube discharges two sperm into the female gametophyte within an ovule. Double fertilization
In double fertilization, two sperm are discharged and perform different tasks. What are their function? One sperm fertilizes the egg, while the other combines with two nuclei in the central cell of the female gametophyte and initiates development of food-storing endosperm.
Within a seed, the embryo consists of a root and two seed leaves called ______. cotyledons
Fossil ____ ____ from 140 mya are the earliest evidence of flowering plants pollen grains
Stamens and carpels both evolved from _____. leaves
Early stamens are leaf shaped with _________ on surface microsporangia
Early carpels were leaves with _____ on their surfaces that folded over to protect them. ovules
The oldest lineages of living angiosperms are called _____ Angiosperms Basal
The most primitive angiosperm is_______ ________, a shrub that lives on the south Pacific island of New Caledonia with several primitive features Amborella trichopoda
The other two lineages of Basal Angiosperms are ____ _____ and ______. water lilies and star anise.
Magnoliids including magnolias, laurels, black pepper, cinnamon, avocado, and nutmeg are more closely related to _____ and ______ than they are to basal angiosperms. eudicots and monocots
Monocots includes more than ____ of all angiosperm species, about 70,000. 1/4
Monocots includes palms, lilies, orchids, grasses and are named for having one _______. cotyledon
Monocot leaf veins are ______. parallel
Monocot vascular tissue of stems are ______. scattered
Monocots have _____ roots, fibrous
Monocots __ opening(s) on the pollen grain 1
Monocots' floral organs are in multiples of _____. three
Dicots includes ___ of all angiosperm species, about 170,000. 2/3
Dicots are named for having ___ cotyledons. 2
Dicot leaf veins are _____. branched
Dicot vascular tissue of stems are arranged in ____. rings
Dicots have ___roots. taproots
Dicots have __ opening(s) on the pollen grain . 3
Dicot Floral organs in multiples of ____ or ____. four or five
Seed plants make secondary _______ that are useful as drugs. metabolites
__% of prescription drugs still contain ingredients from plants. 25%
Agriculture originated independently in at least 10 different locations between ______ and _____ years ago 10,000 and 5,000
What are three things we gain from seed plants? Wood for building materials and paper, fibers like cotton and linen, products for pleasure and beauty
At the current rate of habitat loss, __% of Earth’s species will become extinct within the next 100–200 years 50%
Created by: cmccartney2
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