Help
Options
Question
What are the closest living relatives to land plants?
click to flip
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't know
Question
What are 4 traits that charophytes and land plants have in common?
Remaining cards (178)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Bio exam 1, pt.1
plant diversity
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the closest living relatives to land plants? | green algae called Charophytes |
| What are 4 traits that charophytes and land plants have in common? | 1. Rings of cellulose-synthesizing proteins 2. Peroxisome enzymes 3. Similar flagellated sperm 4. Development of a phragmoplast during cytokinesis |
| All traits unique to land plants are ________ to live on land. | adaptations |
| Land plants have complex tissues that grow from _____ ______. | apical meristems |
| What are apical meristems? | localized regions of cell division |
| What type of distinctive reproductive cycle do land plants have? | Alternation of generations |
| Explain alternation of generations. | All land plants alternate between a haploid and a diploid generation |
| What are the two alternating generations? | Sporophytes and Gametophytes |
| Sporophytes are _____ and produce ______. | diploid, spores |
| Gametophytes are _____ and produce ______. | haploid, gametes |
| Sporophytes produce haploid spores by _____ in structures called ______. | meiosis, sporangia |
| Gametophytes produce haploid gametes by _____ in structures called _______. | mitosis, gametangia |
| What are male gametangia called? | Antheridia (produce sperm) |
| What are female gametangia called? | Archegonia (produce eggs) |
| Many land plants have a waxy covering over the epidermis called a _____ that prevents water loss. | cuticle |
| Many land plants have symbiotic fungi called _____ that help the plant absorb nutrients from the soil. | mycorrhizae |
| Many land plants have molecules called _____ _____ that help defend the plant against attack by herbivores and pathogens. | secondary compounds |
| Plants have diversity. What are three groups? | nonvascular plants (bryophytes), seedless vascular plants, and seed plants(also vascular). |
| Define bryophyte | nonvascular plants |
| What are the three phyla of bryophytes (nonvascular plants) | liverworts, hornworts, and mosses. |
| What are two phyla of seedless vascular plants? | lycophytaand pterophyta |
| What are some expamples of lycophyta? | club moss, spike moss, and quillworts |
| What are some examples of pterophyta? | ferns, horsetails, and wisk ferns. |
| There are two kinds of seed plants, what are they? | gymnosperms and angiosperms |
| What are some examples of gymnosperms? | conifers, cycads, ginkos, and gnetophytes. |
| What is an example of angiosperm? | flowering plants |
| Explain the life cycle of a moss. | Haploid spores form into male and female gametophytes. After fertilization, the haploid gametophytes produce a diploid zygote. The zygote develops into an embryo and then a sporophyte. The mature sporophyte produces haploid spores, and start the cycle. |
| What are the gametophytes of the moss? | the green, leaflike part of the plant. |
| What are the sporophytes of the moss? | the sporophytes grow out the top of the plant. |
| Sporophytes are dependent on the ______ for nutrients. | gametophyte |
| Sporophytes consist of a stalk and capsule which releases _____ into the air. | spores |
| The spores grow into more _______. | gametophytes |
| Name two reasons why the colonization of land by early bryophytes are significant. | It enriched the soil and made colonization of land by animals possible. |
| Moss can help improve the ___. | soil |
| Moss can live in ______ _______, where other plants can't. | extreme environments |
| ______ moss is ecological and historical importance due to it's resistance to decay. | sphagnum moss (peat moss) |
| Sphagnum moss forms deposits called ____ that has been used as fuel for hundreds of years. | peat |
| What are two other reasons why "peat" moss is important. | it acts as an important carbon reservoir that stabilizes Earth’s climate, and also has preserved archaeological artifacts |
| Why are bryophytes small plants that live in moist environments? | because they lack vascular tissues |
| Lycophyta: club mosses and spike mosses are small plants, but are not true mosses because they contain _____ ______. | vascular tissue |
| Some extinct species of lycophyta were ____ ____. | tree sized |
| Pteridophyta: Ferns are the most _____ seedless vascular plants. | diverse (with 12,000 species) |
| Pteridophyta: ______ used to be diverse, but now only genus Equisetum left; known as “scouring rushes”. | Horsetails |
| Pteridophyta: Whisk ferns resemble ______ vascular plants | primitive |
| Because of vascular tissue, vascular plants can... | grow bigger and taller than nonvascular plants. |
| Unlike nonvascular plants, vascular plants have true ____, ____, and ______. | roots, stems, and leaves |
| Vascular tissue consists of _____ and _____. | xylem and phloem |
| What is the function of xylem? | Xylem conducts water and minerals up from roots to rest of plant, and provides structural support. |
| What is the function of phloem? | conducts sugars from sources to sinks |
| Define roots | Plant organs specialized to take up water and nutrients from the soil. |
| What are two other functions of roots? | anchor plants to the ground and stores food for the plant. |
| Roots probably evolved from _______ stems. | subterranean |
| Define leaves | Plant organs specialized for photosynthesis. |
| Leaves have a large _____ ____ to capture maximum solar energy. | surface area |
| Leaves have a waxy _____ on leaves and stems reduce water loss by plant. | cuticle |
| Leaves also have stomata. Define stomata. | pores on leaves of plants to allow gas exchange. They can be opened and closed to conserve water. |
| Like Bryophytes, the sperm of seedless vascular plants must swim from the antheridia to eggs in the archegonia, restricting these plants to ___ _____. | wet habitats |
| What are the sporophytes of ferns? | the familiar big leafy plants |
| What are the gametophytes of ferns? | tiny, heart shaped plants that are separate from the sporophyte |
| Seedless vascular plants were the dominant plants during the ______ and ______ periods. | Devonian and Carboniferous periods. |
| Seedless vascular plants formed huge forests that trapped large amounts of ________, cooling the climate and producing more Oxygen. | carbondioxide |
| Oxygen levels in the atmosphere were about twice what they are today. How did this affect the environment? | it allowed giant arthropods to evolve, like dragonflies the size of hawks. |
| Why is the Carboniferous Period (354-290 mya also known as the Coal Age? | Dead forest plants decayed slowly, was buried, and turned into coal. This is where coal deposits we use for energy today come from. |
| Define seed plants | Vascular plants that produce seeds |
| Define Seeds | complex structures that consist of a plant embryo and stored food surrounded by a protective coat |
| Seed plants have _____ to transfer their sperm. | pollen |
| unlike seedless plants, seed plants are not dependent on ______ ______ for reproduction. | standing water |
| ____ plants are the dominant land plants today | Seed |
| What are they two types of seed? | Gymnosperms and Angiosperms |
| Gymnosperms have ____ seeds in ____. | naked, cones |
| Angiosperms have _____ seeds in ____. | enclosed, fruits |
| Seed plants have reduced _______ that is dependent on _______. | gametophyte, sporophyte |
| Seed plants are ______, which means they have two types of spores. | heterosporous |
| What are the two types of spores that seed plants have? | megaspores and microspores |
| Megasporangia produce megaspores that grow into _____ gametophytes. | female |
| Microsporangia produce microspores grow into ____ gametophytes. | male |
| Seed plants have _____, which turns into seeds if pollinated. | ovules |
| Define pollen. | male gametophyte enclosed within pollen wall |
| What are three traits of gametophytes in seed plants? | 1. The gametophytes of seed plants are tiny 2. Develop within the walls of spores 3. They are retained within tissues of parent sporophyte |
| Nonvascular plants and most seedless vascular plants are ________, which means they produce only one type of spore | homosporous |
| What is an important advantage of heterospory? | Seed plants produce two types of spores that produce separate male and female gametophytes. This mandates cross-fertilization for genetic diversity. |
| Retaining gametophytes within ____ ____ protects them from environmental damage. | spore walls |
| What do the ovules of seed plants contain? | a megasporangium, megaspore, and one or more protective integuments. |
| How many integuments do gymnosperms have? | one |
| How many integuments do angiosperms have? | two |
| Microspores develop into ____ _____, which contain the male gametophytes | pollen grains |
| Define pollination | the transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules |
| Pollen eliminates the need for _____ to reproduce. | water |
| If a pollen grain germinates, it grows a ____ ____ that discharges two sperm (male gametes) into the female gametophyte within the ovule | pollen tube |
| What are some advantages of seeds over spores? | Seeds may remain dormant until conditions are favorable for germination, and the can be transported long distances. |
| Most gymnosperm are _____ shrubs or _____. | "woody shrubs or trees?" |
| Define wood | a tissue composed of empty pipelike arrays of water-conducting xylem |
| Very thick cell walls in wood contain ______ and _____, which gives wood its strength. | cellulose and lignin |
| _______ were the first plants to have wood. | progymnosperms |
| What was strange about the relationship between wood and seeds? | Wood seems to have evolved before seeds. |
| ____ gymnosperms were the dominant plants during the Mesozoic Era (248-65 mya), the Age of Dinosaurs | True |
| Many of the true gymnosperms became extinct at the end of the _______ Period | Cretaceous |
| Cycads have ____-____ leaves and large _____. | palm-like leaves and large cones |
| About ___ species of cycads today, many are endangered tropical plants. | 300 |
| The ____ Palm, Cycas revoluta, is a cycad (not a palm) native to Japan that is a popular landscape plant. | Sago |
| Cycas micronesica has ________ ________ that produce a toxin harmful to the health of humans who eat cycad seeds or meat of animals that have eaten cycad seeds | mutualistic cyanobacteria |
| Cones emit odors that attract beetles for pollination | odors |
| There's only 1 kind of ginkgo species today called Ginkgo _____. | biloba |
| The ginkgo biloba are native to China. What are three things we use them for? | 1. Their seeds called “ginkgo nuts” are edible 2. Their leaves used as herbal medicine 3. Popular landscapes |
| There are three genera of gnetophyte alive today. They are very diverse with unusual _______. | diverse with unusual adaptations |
| What are the three genera of gnetophyte? | Gnetum, Ephedra, and welwitschia |
| Gnetum: More than 30 species of vines, shrubs, and trees in tropical _____ and ____ . | Africa and Asia |
| Gnetum have ____, _____ leaves to capture light in shady forest conditions | large, broad |
| About 40 species of Ephedra, native to ______ ____. | southwesten U.S. |
| Ephedra have tiny, ____-____ leaves and _________ stems to reduce water loss in desert | scale-like, photosynthetic |
| Ephedra contains ephedrine, a stimulant drug also called _______ ___, that has been used in cold medicine, diet pills. | Mormon tea |
| Only one species, Welwitschia mirabilis, native to Namib Desert in southwestern Africa, one of the _____ places on Earth. | driest |
| Welwitschia have only ___ big leaves that grow continuously during plant’s life, are broken and shredded by the wind. | two |
| Welwitschia have a lifespan of over _____ years | 1,000 |
| Welwitschia grow in one of the driest places on earth. Where do they get water? | from coastal fog. |
| ______ is the largest gymnosperm phylum alive today, with more than 500 species | Coniferophyta |
| Most conifers are ______ with scale-like or needle-like leaves covered in a thick cuticle to conserve water. | evergreens |
| conifers: ______ ___ provides more timber than any other North American tree | Douglas fir |
| conifers: ______ ____ are one of the few deciduous conifers; native to the mountains of Europe | European larch |
| Conifers: ______ ____ are the oldest living trees in the world. | Bristlecone pine |
| Conifers: ____ ______ are the largest trees in the world | Giant Sequoia |
| Conifers: _____ ______are the tallest trees in the world. | Coast redwood |
| Conifers: _____“berries” are actually female cones; some species are edible and used as a spice and to make gin | Junipers |
| Conifers: ______ ____thought to be extinct during Mesozoic Era, until discovery of just 40 individuals in a national park in Australia in 1994 | Wollemi pine |
| The pine tree is the _______, with ______ in male and female cones | sporophyte, sporangia |
| Male cones are small and produce microspores called _____ _____, containing the male gametophytes | pollen grains |
| Female cones are much larger and contain ovules, which produce megaspores that develop into female ________. | gametophytes |
| Flowers and fruits are angiosperms defining features, along with _____ _______ to produce endosperm in the seeds. | double fertilization |
| Angiosperms are the most important plants to humans with 250,000 species today, ___% of all plant species | 90 |
| Flowers are complex structures for ______ __________. | sexual reproduction |
| Flowers evolved from leafy _____. | shoots |
| Flowers produce ______ and _____ and aid in their dispersal. | pollen and seeds |
| What parts of the flower encloses it? | sepals |
| What parts of the flower are brightly colored to attract pollinators? | petals |
| What parts of the flower produce pollen? | stamens |
| What parts of the flower produce ovules? | carpels |
| Carpels produce ovules, fused into a structure called a _____. | pistil |
| Flower organs are attached to the _______ at the tip of a stalk called the _____. | receptacle, pedicel |
| What are 4 different types of flowers? | complete, incomplete, perfect, and imperfect |
| complete flowers | have all 4 flower organs |
| incomplete flowers | lack one or more organs |
| perfect flowers | contain both stamens and carpels |
| imperfect flowers | lack either stamens or carpels |
| fruits develop from _____ of flower, and sometimes contains other flower parts | ovary |
| The fruit protects ____ and aids in _______ | seeds, dispersal |
| The sporophyte’s flower contains both ____ and ______ structures. | male and female |
| Most flowers have mechanisms to ensure ____-_______ between flowers from different plants of the same species | cross-pollination |
| A pollen grain that has landed on a stigma _______ and the pollen tube of the male gametophyte grows down to the ovary | germinates |
| The ovule is entered by a pore called the ______. | micropyle |
| ______ __________ occurs when the pollen tube discharges two sperm into the female gametophyte within an ovule. | Double fertilization |
| In double fertilization, two sperm are discharged and perform different tasks. What are their function? | One sperm fertilizes the egg, while the other combines with two nuclei in the central cell of the female gametophyte and initiates development of food-storing endosperm. |
| Within a seed, the embryo consists of a root and two seed leaves called ______. | cotyledons |
| Fossil ____ ____ from 140 mya are the earliest evidence of flowering plants | pollen grains |
| Stamens and carpels both evolved from _____. | leaves |
| Early stamens are leaf shaped with _________ on surface | microsporangia |
| Early carpels were leaves with _____ on their surfaces that folded over to protect them. | ovules |
| The oldest lineages of living angiosperms are called _____ Angiosperms | Basal |
| The most primitive angiosperm is_______ ________, a shrub that lives on the south Pacific island of New Caledonia with several primitive features | Amborella trichopoda |
| The other two lineages of Basal Angiosperms are ____ _____ and ______. | water lilies and star anise. |
| Magnoliids including magnolias, laurels, black pepper, cinnamon, avocado, and nutmeg are more closely related to _____ and ______ than they are to basal angiosperms. | eudicots and monocots |
| Monocots includes more than ____ of all angiosperm species, about 70,000. | 1/4 |
| Monocots includes palms, lilies, orchids, grasses and are named for having one _______. | cotyledon |
| Monocot leaf veins are ______. | parallel |
| Monocot vascular tissue of stems are ______. | scattered |
| Monocots have _____ roots, | fibrous |
| Monocots __ opening(s) on the pollen grain | 1 |
| Monocots' floral organs are in multiples of _____. | three |
| Dicots includes ___ of all angiosperm species, about 170,000. | 2/3 |
| Dicots are named for having ___ cotyledons. | 2 |
| Dicot leaf veins are _____. | branched |
| Dicot vascular tissue of stems are arranged in ____. | rings |
| Dicots have ___roots. | taproots |
| Dicots have __ opening(s) on the pollen grain . | 3 |
| Dicot Floral organs in multiples of ____ or ____. | four or five |
| Seed plants make secondary _______ that are useful as drugs. | metabolites |
| __% of prescription drugs still contain ingredients from plants. | 25% |
| Agriculture originated independently in at least 10 different locations between ______ and _____ years ago | 10,000 and 5,000 |
| What are three things we gain from seed plants? | Wood for building materials and paper, fibers like cotton and linen, products for pleasure and beauty |
| At the current rate of habitat loss, __% of Earth’s species will become extinct within the next 100–200 years | 50% |
Created by:
cmccartney2
Popular Biology sets