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Bio exam 1, pt.1
plant diversity
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the closest living relatives to land plants? | green algae called Charophytes |
| What are 4 traits that charophytes and land plants have in common? | 1. Rings of cellulose-synthesizing proteins 2. Peroxisome enzymes 3. Similar flagellated sperm 4. Development of a phragmoplast during cytokinesis |
| All traits unique to land plants are ________ to live on land. | adaptations |
| Land plants have complex tissues that grow from _____ ______. | apical meristems |
| What are apical meristems? | localized regions of cell division |
| What type of distinctive reproductive cycle do land plants have? | Alternation of generations |
| Explain alternation of generations. | All land plants alternate between a haploid and a diploid generation |
| What are the two alternating generations? | Sporophytes and Gametophytes |
| Sporophytes are _____ and produce ______. | diploid, spores |
| Gametophytes are _____ and produce ______. | haploid, gametes |
| Sporophytes produce haploid spores by _____ in structures called ______. | meiosis, sporangia |
| Gametophytes produce haploid gametes by _____ in structures called _______. | mitosis, gametangia |
| What are male gametangia called? | Antheridia (produce sperm) |
| What are female gametangia called? | Archegonia (produce eggs) |
| Many land plants have a waxy covering over the epidermis called a _____ that prevents water loss. | cuticle |
| Many land plants have symbiotic fungi called _____ that help the plant absorb nutrients from the soil. | mycorrhizae |
| Many land plants have molecules called _____ _____ that help defend the plant against attack by herbivores and pathogens. | secondary compounds |
| Plants have diversity. What are three groups? | nonvascular plants (bryophytes), seedless vascular plants, and seed plants(also vascular). |
| Define bryophyte | nonvascular plants |
| What are the three phyla of bryophytes (nonvascular plants) | liverworts, hornworts, and mosses. |
| What are two phyla of seedless vascular plants? | lycophytaand pterophyta |
| What are some expamples of lycophyta? | club moss, spike moss, and quillworts |
| What are some examples of pterophyta? | ferns, horsetails, and wisk ferns. |
| There are two kinds of seed plants, what are they? | gymnosperms and angiosperms |
| What are some examples of gymnosperms? | conifers, cycads, ginkos, and gnetophytes. |
| What is an example of angiosperm? | flowering plants |
| Explain the life cycle of a moss. | Haploid spores form into male and female gametophytes. After fertilization, the haploid gametophytes produce a diploid zygote. The zygote develops into an embryo and then a sporophyte. The mature sporophyte produces haploid spores, and start the cycle. |
| What are the gametophytes of the moss? | the green, leaflike part of the plant. |
| What are the sporophytes of the moss? | the sporophytes grow out the top of the plant. |
| Sporophytes are dependent on the ______ for nutrients. | gametophyte |
| Sporophytes consist of a stalk and capsule which releases _____ into the air. | spores |
| The spores grow into more _______. | gametophytes |
| Name two reasons why the colonization of land by early bryophytes are significant. | It enriched the soil and made colonization of land by animals possible. |
| Moss can help improve the ___. | soil |
| Moss can live in ______ _______, where other plants can't. | extreme environments |
| ______ moss is ecological and historical importance due to it's resistance to decay. | sphagnum moss (peat moss) |
| Sphagnum moss forms deposits called ____ that has been used as fuel for hundreds of years. | peat |
| What are two other reasons why "peat" moss is important. | it acts as an important carbon reservoir that stabilizes Earth’s climate, and also has preserved archaeological artifacts |
| Why are bryophytes small plants that live in moist environments? | because they lack vascular tissues |
| Lycophyta: club mosses and spike mosses are small plants, but are not true mosses because they contain _____ ______. | vascular tissue |
| Some extinct species of lycophyta were ____ ____. | tree sized |
| Pteridophyta: Ferns are the most _____ seedless vascular plants. | diverse (with 12,000 species) |
| Pteridophyta: ______ used to be diverse, but now only genus Equisetum left; known as “scouring rushes”. | Horsetails |
| Pteridophyta: Whisk ferns resemble ______ vascular plants | primitive |
| Because of vascular tissue, vascular plants can... | grow bigger and taller than nonvascular plants. |
| Unlike nonvascular plants, vascular plants have true ____, ____, and ______. | roots, stems, and leaves |
| Vascular tissue consists of _____ and _____. | xylem and phloem |
| What is the function of xylem? | Xylem conducts water and minerals up from roots to rest of plant, and provides structural support. |
| What is the function of phloem? | conducts sugars from sources to sinks |
| Define roots | Plant organs specialized to take up water and nutrients from the soil. |
| What are two other functions of roots? | anchor plants to the ground and stores food for the plant. |
| Roots probably evolved from _______ stems. | subterranean |
| Define leaves | Plant organs specialized for photosynthesis. |
| Leaves have a large _____ ____ to capture maximum solar energy. | surface area |
| Leaves have a waxy _____ on leaves and stems reduce water loss by plant. | cuticle |
| Leaves also have stomata. Define stomata. | pores on leaves of plants to allow gas exchange. They can be opened and closed to conserve water. |
| Like Bryophytes, the sperm of seedless vascular plants must swim from the antheridia to eggs in the archegonia, restricting these plants to ___ _____. | wet habitats |
| What are the sporophytes of ferns? | the familiar big leafy plants |
| What are the gametophytes of ferns? | tiny, heart shaped plants that are separate from the sporophyte |
| Seedless vascular plants were the dominant plants during the ______ and ______ periods. | Devonian and Carboniferous periods. |
| Seedless vascular plants formed huge forests that trapped large amounts of ________, cooling the climate and producing more Oxygen. | carbondioxide |
| Oxygen levels in the atmosphere were about twice what they are today. How did this affect the environment? | it allowed giant arthropods to evolve, like dragonflies the size of hawks. |
| Why is the Carboniferous Period (354-290 mya also known as the Coal Age? | Dead forest plants decayed slowly, was buried, and turned into coal. This is where coal deposits we use for energy today come from. |
| Define seed plants | Vascular plants that produce seeds |
| Define Seeds | complex structures that consist of a plant embryo and stored food surrounded by a protective coat |
| Seed plants have _____ to transfer their sperm. | pollen |
| unlike seedless plants, seed plants are not dependent on ______ ______ for reproduction. | standing water |
| ____ plants are the dominant land plants today | Seed |
| What are they two types of seed? | Gymnosperms and Angiosperms |
| Gymnosperms have ____ seeds in ____. | naked, cones |
| Angiosperms have _____ seeds in ____. | enclosed, fruits |
| Seed plants have reduced _______ that is dependent on _______. | gametophyte, sporophyte |
| Seed plants are ______, which means they have two types of spores. | heterosporous |
| What are the two types of spores that seed plants have? | megaspores and microspores |
| Megasporangia produce megaspores that grow into _____ gametophytes. | female |
| Microsporangia produce microspores grow into ____ gametophytes. | male |
| Seed plants have _____, which turns into seeds if pollinated. | ovules |
| Define pollen. | male gametophyte enclosed within pollen wall |
| What are three traits of gametophytes in seed plants? | 1. The gametophytes of seed plants are tiny 2. Develop within the walls of spores 3. They are retained within tissues of parent sporophyte |
| Nonvascular plants and most seedless vascular plants are ________, which means they produce only one type of spore | homosporous |
| What is an important advantage of heterospory? | Seed plants produce two types of spores that produce separate male and female gametophytes. This mandates cross-fertilization for genetic diversity. |
| Retaining gametophytes within ____ ____ protects them from environmental damage. | spore walls |
| What do the ovules of seed plants contain? | a megasporangium, megaspore, and one or more protective integuments. |
| How many integuments do gymnosperms have? | one |
| How many integuments do angiosperms have? | two |
| Microspores develop into ____ _____, which contain the male gametophytes | pollen grains |
| Define pollination | the transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules |
| Pollen eliminates the need for _____ to reproduce. | water |
| If a pollen grain germinates, it grows a ____ ____ that discharges two sperm (male gametes) into the female gametophyte within the ovule | pollen tube |
| What are some advantages of seeds over spores? | Seeds may remain dormant until conditions are favorable for germination, and the can be transported long distances. |
| Most gymnosperm are _____ shrubs or _____. | "woody shrubs or trees?" |
| Define wood | a tissue composed of empty pipelike arrays of water-conducting xylem |
| Very thick cell walls in wood contain ______ and _____, which gives wood its strength. | cellulose and lignin |
| _______ were the first plants to have wood. | progymnosperms |
| What was strange about the relationship between wood and seeds? | Wood seems to have evolved before seeds. |
| ____ gymnosperms were the dominant plants during the Mesozoic Era (248-65 mya), the Age of Dinosaurs | True |
| Many of the true gymnosperms became extinct at the end of the _______ Period | Cretaceous |
| Cycads have ____-____ leaves and large _____. | palm-like leaves and large cones |
| About ___ species of cycads today, many are endangered tropical plants. | 300 |
| The ____ Palm, Cycas revoluta, is a cycad (not a palm) native to Japan that is a popular landscape plant. | Sago |
| Cycas micronesica has ________ ________ that produce a toxin harmful to the health of humans who eat cycad seeds or meat of animals that have eaten cycad seeds | mutualistic cyanobacteria |
| Cones emit odors that attract beetles for pollination | odors |
| There's only 1 kind of ginkgo species today called Ginkgo _____. | biloba |
| The ginkgo biloba are native to China. What are three things we use them for? | 1. Their seeds called “ginkgo nuts” are edible 2. Their leaves used as herbal medicine 3. Popular landscapes |
| There are three genera of gnetophyte alive today. They are very diverse with unusual _______. | diverse with unusual adaptations |
| What are the three genera of gnetophyte? | Gnetum, Ephedra, and welwitschia |
| Gnetum: More than 30 species of vines, shrubs, and trees in tropical _____ and ____ . | Africa and Asia |
| Gnetum have ____, _____ leaves to capture light in shady forest conditions | large, broad |
| About 40 species of Ephedra, native to ______ ____. | southwesten U.S. |
| Ephedra have tiny, ____-____ leaves and _________ stems to reduce water loss in desert | scale-like, photosynthetic |
| Ephedra contains ephedrine, a stimulant drug also called _______ ___, that has been used in cold medicine, diet pills. | Mormon tea |
| Only one species, Welwitschia mirabilis, native to Namib Desert in southwestern Africa, one of the _____ places on Earth. | driest |
| Welwitschia have only ___ big leaves that grow continuously during plant’s life, are broken and shredded by the wind. | two |
| Welwitschia have a lifespan of over _____ years | 1,000 |
| Welwitschia grow in one of the driest places on earth. Where do they get water? | from coastal fog. |
| ______ is the largest gymnosperm phylum alive today, with more than 500 species | Coniferophyta |
| Most conifers are ______ with scale-like or needle-like leaves covered in a thick cuticle to conserve water. | evergreens |
| conifers: ______ ___ provides more timber than any other North American tree | Douglas fir |
| conifers: ______ ____ are one of the few deciduous conifers; native to the mountains of Europe | European larch |
| Conifers: ______ ____ are the oldest living trees in the world. | Bristlecone pine |
| Conifers: ____ ______ are the largest trees in the world | Giant Sequoia |
| Conifers: _____ ______are the tallest trees in the world. | Coast redwood |
| Conifers: _____“berries” are actually female cones; some species are edible and used as a spice and to make gin | Junipers |
| Conifers: ______ ____thought to be extinct during Mesozoic Era, until discovery of just 40 individuals in a national park in Australia in 1994 | Wollemi pine |
| The pine tree is the _______, with ______ in male and female cones | sporophyte, sporangia |
| Male cones are small and produce microspores called _____ _____, containing the male gametophytes | pollen grains |
| Female cones are much larger and contain ovules, which produce megaspores that develop into female ________. | gametophytes |
| Flowers and fruits are angiosperms defining features, along with _____ _______ to produce endosperm in the seeds. | double fertilization |
| Angiosperms are the most important plants to humans with 250,000 species today, ___% of all plant species | 90 |
| Flowers are complex structures for ______ __________. | sexual reproduction |
| Flowers evolved from leafy _____. | shoots |
| Flowers produce ______ and _____ and aid in their dispersal. | pollen and seeds |
| What parts of the flower encloses it? | sepals |
| What parts of the flower are brightly colored to attract pollinators? | petals |
| What parts of the flower produce pollen? | stamens |
| What parts of the flower produce ovules? | carpels |
| Carpels produce ovules, fused into a structure called a _____. | pistil |
| Flower organs are attached to the _______ at the tip of a stalk called the _____. | receptacle, pedicel |
| What are 4 different types of flowers? | complete, incomplete, perfect, and imperfect |
| complete flowers | have all 4 flower organs |
| incomplete flowers | lack one or more organs |
| perfect flowers | contain both stamens and carpels |
| imperfect flowers | lack either stamens or carpels |
| fruits develop from _____ of flower, and sometimes contains other flower parts | ovary |
| The fruit protects ____ and aids in _______ | seeds, dispersal |
| The sporophyte’s flower contains both ____ and ______ structures. | male and female |
| Most flowers have mechanisms to ensure ____-_______ between flowers from different plants of the same species | cross-pollination |
| A pollen grain that has landed on a stigma _______ and the pollen tube of the male gametophyte grows down to the ovary | germinates |
| The ovule is entered by a pore called the ______. | micropyle |
| ______ __________ occurs when the pollen tube discharges two sperm into the female gametophyte within an ovule. | Double fertilization |
| In double fertilization, two sperm are discharged and perform different tasks. What are their function? | One sperm fertilizes the egg, while the other combines with two nuclei in the central cell of the female gametophyte and initiates development of food-storing endosperm. |
| Within a seed, the embryo consists of a root and two seed leaves called ______. | cotyledons |
| Fossil ____ ____ from 140 mya are the earliest evidence of flowering plants | pollen grains |
| Stamens and carpels both evolved from _____. | leaves |
| Early stamens are leaf shaped with _________ on surface | microsporangia |
| Early carpels were leaves with _____ on their surfaces that folded over to protect them. | ovules |
| The oldest lineages of living angiosperms are called _____ Angiosperms | Basal |
| The most primitive angiosperm is_______ ________, a shrub that lives on the south Pacific island of New Caledonia with several primitive features | Amborella trichopoda |
| The other two lineages of Basal Angiosperms are ____ _____ and ______. | water lilies and star anise. |
| Magnoliids including magnolias, laurels, black pepper, cinnamon, avocado, and nutmeg are more closely related to _____ and ______ than they are to basal angiosperms. | eudicots and monocots |
| Monocots includes more than ____ of all angiosperm species, about 70,000. | 1/4 |
| Monocots includes palms, lilies, orchids, grasses and are named for having one _______. | cotyledon |
| Monocot leaf veins are ______. | parallel |
| Monocot vascular tissue of stems are ______. | scattered |
| Monocots have _____ roots, | fibrous |
| Monocots __ opening(s) on the pollen grain | 1 |
| Monocots' floral organs are in multiples of _____. | three |
| Dicots includes ___ of all angiosperm species, about 170,000. | 2/3 |
| Dicots are named for having ___ cotyledons. | 2 |
| Dicot leaf veins are _____. | branched |
| Dicot vascular tissue of stems are arranged in ____. | rings |
| Dicots have ___roots. | taproots |
| Dicots have __ opening(s) on the pollen grain . | 3 |
| Dicot Floral organs in multiples of ____ or ____. | four or five |
| Seed plants make secondary _______ that are useful as drugs. | metabolites |
| __% of prescription drugs still contain ingredients from plants. | 25% |
| Agriculture originated independently in at least 10 different locations between ______ and _____ years ago | 10,000 and 5,000 |
| What are three things we gain from seed plants? | Wood for building materials and paper, fibers like cotton and linen, products for pleasure and beauty |
| At the current rate of habitat loss, __% of Earth’s species will become extinct within the next 100–200 years | 50% |
Created by:
cmccartney2
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