plant diversity
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| What are the closest living relatives to land plants? | green algae called Charophytes
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| What are 4 traits that charophytes and land plants have in common? | 1. Rings of cellulose-synthesizing proteins
2. Peroxisome enzymes
3. Similar flagellated sperm
4. Development of a phragmoplast during cytokinesis
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| All traits unique to land plants are ________ to live on land. | adaptations
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| Land plants have complex tissues that grow from _____ ______. | apical meristems
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| What are apical meristems? | localized regions of cell division
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| What type of distinctive reproductive cycle do land plants have? | Alternation of generations
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| Explain alternation of generations. | All land plants alternate between a haploid and a diploid generation
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| What are the two alternating generations? | Sporophytes and Gametophytes
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| Sporophytes are _____ and produce ______. | diploid, spores
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| Gametophytes are _____ and produce ______. | haploid, gametes
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| Sporophytes produce haploid spores by _____ in structures called ______. | meiosis, sporangia
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| Gametophytes produce haploid gametes by _____ in structures called _______. | mitosis, gametangia
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| What are male gametangia called? | Antheridia (produce sperm)
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| What are female gametangia called? | Archegonia (produce eggs)
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| Many land plants have a waxy covering over the epidermis called a _____ that prevents water loss. | cuticle
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| Many land plants have symbiotic fungi called _____ that help the plant absorb nutrients from the soil. | mycorrhizae
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| Many land plants have molecules called _____ _____ that help defend the plant against attack by herbivores and pathogens. | secondary compounds
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| Plants have diversity. What are three groups? | nonvascular plants (bryophytes), seedless vascular plants, and seed plants(also vascular).
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| Define bryophyte | nonvascular plants
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| What are the three phyla of bryophytes (nonvascular plants) | liverworts, hornworts, and mosses.
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| What are two phyla of seedless vascular plants? | lycophytaand pterophyta
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| What are some expamples of lycophyta? | club moss, spike moss, and quillworts
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| What are some examples of pterophyta? | ferns, horsetails, and wisk ferns.
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| There are two kinds of seed plants, what are they? | gymnosperms and angiosperms
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| What are some examples of gymnosperms? | conifers, cycads, ginkos, and gnetophytes.
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| What is an example of angiosperm? | flowering plants
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| Explain the life cycle of a moss. | Haploid spores form into male and female gametophytes. After fertilization, the haploid gametophytes produce a diploid zygote. The zygote develops into an embryo and then a sporophyte. The mature sporophyte produces haploid spores, and start the cycle.
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| What are the gametophytes of the moss? | the green, leaflike part of the plant.
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| What are the sporophytes of the moss? | the sporophytes grow out the top of the plant.
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| Sporophytes are dependent on the ______ for nutrients. | gametophyte
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| Sporophytes consist of a stalk and capsule which releases _____ into the air. | spores
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| The spores grow into more _______. | gametophytes
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| Name two reasons why the colonization of land by early bryophytes are significant. | It enriched the soil and made colonization of land by animals possible.
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| Moss can help improve the ___. | soil
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| Moss can live in ______ _______, where other plants can't. | extreme environments
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| ______ moss is ecological and historical importance due to it's resistance to decay. | sphagnum moss (peat moss)
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| Sphagnum moss forms deposits called ____ that has been used as fuel for hundreds of years. | peat
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| What are two other reasons why "peat" moss is important. | it acts as an important carbon reservoir that stabilizes Earth’s climate, and also has preserved archaeological artifacts
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| Why are bryophytes small plants that live in moist environments? | because they lack vascular tissues
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| Lycophyta: club mosses and spike mosses are small plants, but are not true mosses because they contain _____ ______. | vascular tissue
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| Some extinct species of lycophyta were ____ ____. | tree sized
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| Pteridophyta: Ferns are the most _____ seedless vascular plants. | diverse (with 12,000 species)
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| Pteridophyta: ______ used to be diverse, but now only genus Equisetum left; known as “scouring rushes”. | Horsetails
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| Pteridophyta: Whisk ferns resemble ______ vascular plants | primitive
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| Because of vascular tissue, vascular plants can... | grow bigger and taller than nonvascular plants.
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| Unlike nonvascular plants, vascular plants have true ____, ____, and ______. | roots, stems, and leaves
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| Vascular tissue consists of _____ and _____. | xylem and phloem
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| What is the function of xylem? | Xylem conducts water and minerals up from roots to rest of plant, and provides structural support.
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| What is the function of phloem? | conducts sugars from sources to sinks
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| Define roots | Plant organs specialized to take up water and nutrients from the soil.
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| What are two other functions of roots? | anchor plants to the ground and stores food for the plant.
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| Roots probably evolved from _______ stems. | subterranean
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| Define leaves | Plant organs specialized for photosynthesis.
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| Leaves have a large _____ ____ to capture maximum solar energy. | surface area
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| Leaves have a waxy _____ on leaves and stems reduce water loss by plant. | cuticle
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| Leaves also have stomata. Define stomata. | pores on leaves of plants to allow gas exchange. They can be opened and closed to conserve water.
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| Like Bryophytes, the sperm of seedless vascular plants must swim from the antheridia to eggs in the archegonia, restricting these plants to ___ _____. | wet habitats
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| What are the sporophytes of ferns? | the familiar big leafy plants
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| What are the gametophytes of ferns? | tiny, heart shaped plants that are separate from the sporophyte
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| Seedless vascular plants were the dominant plants during the ______ and ______ periods. | Devonian and Carboniferous periods.
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| Seedless vascular plants formed huge forests that trapped large amounts of ________, cooling the climate and producing more Oxygen. | carbondioxide
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| Oxygen levels in the atmosphere were about twice what they are today. How did this affect the environment? | it allowed giant arthropods to evolve, like dragonflies the size of hawks.
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| Why is the Carboniferous Period (354-290 mya also known as the Coal Age? | Dead forest plants decayed slowly, was buried, and turned into coal. This is where coal deposits we use for energy today come from.
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| Define seed plants | Vascular plants that produce seeds
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| Define Seeds | complex structures that consist of a plant embryo and stored food surrounded by a protective coat
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| Seed plants have _____ to transfer their sperm. | pollen
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| unlike seedless plants, seed plants are not dependent on ______ ______ for reproduction. | standing water
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| ____ plants are the dominant land plants today | Seed
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| What are they two types of seed? | Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
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| Gymnosperms have ____ seeds in ____. | naked, cones
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| Angiosperms have _____ seeds in ____. | enclosed, fruits
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| Seed plants have reduced _______ that is dependent on _______. | gametophyte, sporophyte
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| Seed plants are ______, which means they have two types of spores. | heterosporous
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| What are the two types of spores that seed plants have? | megaspores and microspores
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| Megasporangia produce megaspores that grow into _____ gametophytes. | female
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| Microsporangia produce microspores grow into ____ gametophytes. | male
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| Seed plants have _____, which turns into seeds if pollinated. | ovules
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| Define pollen. | male gametophyte enclosed within pollen wall
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| What are three traits of gametophytes in seed plants? | 1. The gametophytes of seed plants are tiny
2. Develop within the walls of spores
3. They are retained within tissues of parent sporophyte
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| Nonvascular plants and most seedless vascular plants are ________, which means they produce only one type of spore | homosporous
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| What is an important advantage of heterospory? | Seed plants produce two types of spores that produce separate male and female gametophytes. This mandates cross-fertilization for genetic diversity.
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| Retaining gametophytes within ____ ____ protects them from environmental damage. | spore walls
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| What do the ovules of seed plants contain? | a megasporangium, megaspore, and one or more protective integuments.
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| How many integuments do gymnosperms have? | one
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| How many integuments do angiosperms have? | two
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| Microspores develop into ____ _____, which contain the male gametophytes | pollen grains
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| Define pollination | the transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules
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| Pollen eliminates the need for _____ to reproduce. | water
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| If a pollen grain germinates, it grows a ____ ____ that discharges two sperm (male gametes) into the female gametophyte within the ovule | pollen tube
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| What are some advantages of seeds over spores? | Seeds may remain dormant until conditions are favorable for germination, and the can be transported long distances.
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| Most gymnosperm are _____ shrubs or _____. | "woody shrubs or trees?"
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| Define wood | a tissue composed of empty pipelike arrays of water-conducting xylem
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| Very thick cell walls in wood contain ______ and _____, which gives wood its strength. | cellulose and lignin
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| _______ were the first plants to have wood. | progymnosperms
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| What was strange about the relationship between wood and seeds? | Wood seems to have evolved before seeds.
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| ____ gymnosperms were the dominant plants during the Mesozoic Era (248-65 mya), the Age of Dinosaurs | True
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| Many of the true gymnosperms became extinct at the end of the _______ Period | Cretaceous
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| Cycads have ____-____ leaves and large _____. | palm-like leaves and large cones
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| About ___ species of cycads today, many are endangered tropical plants. | 300
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| The ____ Palm, Cycas revoluta, is a cycad (not a palm) native to Japan that is a popular landscape plant. | Sago
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| Cycas micronesica has ________ ________ that produce a toxin harmful to the health of humans who eat cycad seeds or meat of animals that have eaten cycad seeds | mutualistic cyanobacteria
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| Cones emit odors that attract beetles for pollination | odors
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| There's only 1 kind of ginkgo species today called Ginkgo _____. | biloba
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| The ginkgo biloba are native to China. What are three things we use them for? | 1. Their seeds called “ginkgo nuts” are edible
2. Their leaves used as herbal medicine
3. Popular landscapes
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| There are three genera of gnetophyte alive today. They are very diverse with unusual _______. | diverse with unusual adaptations
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| What are the three genera of gnetophyte? | Gnetum, Ephedra, and welwitschia
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| Gnetum: More than 30 species of vines, shrubs, and trees in tropical _____ and ____ . | Africa and Asia
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| Gnetum have ____, _____ leaves to capture light in shady forest conditions | large, broad
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| About 40 species of Ephedra, native to ______ ____. | southwesten U.S.
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| Ephedra have tiny, ____-____ leaves and _________ stems to reduce water loss in desert | scale-like, photosynthetic
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| Ephedra contains ephedrine, a stimulant drug also called _______ ___, that has been used in cold medicine, diet pills. | Mormon tea
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| Only one species, Welwitschia mirabilis, native to Namib Desert in southwestern Africa, one of the _____ places on Earth. | driest
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| Welwitschia have only ___ big leaves that grow continuously during plant’s life, are broken and shredded by the wind. | two
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| Welwitschia have a lifespan of over _____ years | 1,000
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| Welwitschia grow in one of the driest places on earth. Where do they get water? | from coastal fog.
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| ______ is the largest gymnosperm phylum alive today, with more than 500 species | Coniferophyta
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| Most conifers are ______ with scale-like or needle-like leaves covered in a thick cuticle to conserve water. | evergreens
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| conifers: ______ ___ provides more timber than any other North American tree | Douglas fir
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| conifers: ______ ____ are one of the few deciduous conifers; native to the mountains of Europe | European larch
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| Conifers: ______ ____ are the oldest living trees in the world. | Bristlecone pine
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| Conifers: ____ ______ are the largest trees in the world | Giant Sequoia
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| Conifers: _____ ______are the tallest trees in the world. | Coast redwood
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| Conifers: _____“berries” are actually female cones; some species are edible and used as a spice and to make gin | Junipers
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| Conifers: ______ ____thought to be extinct during Mesozoic Era, until discovery of just 40 individuals in a national park in Australia in 1994 | Wollemi pine
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| The pine tree is the _______, with ______ in male and female cones | sporophyte, sporangia
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| Male cones are small and produce microspores called _____ _____, containing the male gametophytes | pollen grains
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| Female cones are much larger and contain ovules, which produce megaspores that develop into female ________. | gametophytes
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| Flowers and fruits are angiosperms defining features, along with _____ _______ to produce endosperm in the seeds. | double fertilization
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| Angiosperms are the most important plants to humans with 250,000 species today, ___% of all plant species | 90
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| Flowers are complex structures for ______ __________. | sexual reproduction
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| Flowers evolved from leafy _____. | shoots
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| Flowers produce ______ and _____ and aid in their dispersal. | pollen and seeds
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| What parts of the flower encloses it? | sepals
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| What parts of the flower are brightly colored to attract pollinators? | petals
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| What parts of the flower produce pollen? | stamens
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| What parts of the flower produce ovules? | carpels
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| Carpels produce ovules, fused into a structure called a _____. | pistil
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| Flower organs are attached to the _______ at the tip of a stalk called the _____. | receptacle, pedicel
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| What are 4 different types of flowers? | complete, incomplete, perfect, and imperfect
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| complete flowers | have all 4 flower organs
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| incomplete flowers | lack one or more organs
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| perfect flowers | contain both stamens and carpels
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| imperfect flowers | lack either stamens or carpels
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| fruits develop from _____ of flower, and sometimes contains other flower parts | ovary
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| The fruit protects ____ and aids in _______ | seeds, dispersal
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| The sporophyte’s flower contains both ____ and ______ structures. | male and female
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| Most flowers have mechanisms to ensure ____-_______ between flowers from different plants of the same species | cross-pollination
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| A pollen grain that has landed on a stigma _______ and the pollen tube of the male gametophyte grows down to the ovary | germinates
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| The ovule is entered by a pore called the ______. | micropyle
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| ______ __________ occurs when the pollen tube discharges two sperm into the female gametophyte within an ovule. | Double fertilization
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| In double fertilization, two sperm are discharged and perform different tasks. What are their function? | One sperm fertilizes the egg, while the other combines with two nuclei in the central cell of the female gametophyte and initiates development of food-storing endosperm.
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| Within a seed, the embryo consists of a root and two seed leaves called ______. | cotyledons
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| Fossil ____ ____ from 140 mya are the earliest evidence of flowering plants | pollen grains
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| Stamens and carpels both evolved from _____. | leaves
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| Early stamens are leaf shaped with _________ on surface | microsporangia
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| Early carpels were leaves with _____ on their surfaces that folded over to protect them. | ovules
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| The oldest lineages of living angiosperms are called _____ Angiosperms | Basal
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| The most primitive angiosperm is_______ ________, a shrub that lives on the south Pacific island of New Caledonia with several primitive features | Amborella trichopoda
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| The other two lineages of Basal Angiosperms are ____ _____ and ______. | water lilies and star anise.
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| Magnoliids including magnolias, laurels, black pepper, cinnamon, avocado, and nutmeg are more closely related to _____ and ______ than they are to basal angiosperms. | eudicots and monocots
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| Monocots includes more than ____ of all angiosperm species, about 70,000. | 1/4
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| Monocots includes palms, lilies, orchids, grasses and are named for having one _______. | cotyledon
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| Monocot leaf veins are ______. | parallel
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| Monocot vascular tissue of stems are ______. | scattered
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| Monocots have _____ roots, | fibrous
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| Monocots __ opening(s) on the pollen grain | 1
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| Monocots' floral organs are in multiples of _____. | three
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| Dicots includes ___ of all angiosperm species, about 170,000. | 2/3
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| Dicots are named for having ___ cotyledons. | 2
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| Dicot leaf veins are _____. | branched
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| Dicot vascular tissue of stems are arranged in ____. | rings
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| Dicots have ___roots. | taproots
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| Dicots have __ opening(s) on the pollen grain . | 3
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| Dicot Floral organs in multiples of ____ or ____. | four or five
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| Seed plants make secondary _______ that are useful as drugs. | metabolites
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| __% of prescription drugs still contain ingredients from plants. | 25%
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| Agriculture originated independently in at least 10 different locations between ______ and _____ years ago | 10,000 and 5,000
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| What are three things we gain from seed plants? | Wood for building materials and paper, fibers like cotton and linen, products for pleasure and beauty
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| At the current rate of habitat loss, __% of Earth’s species will become extinct within the next 100–200 years | 50%
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