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Patho. Ch. 1 cont.
Pathophysiologic Concepts
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Usually occurs as a result of ischemia or toxic injury | Necrosis |
| What is Necrosis characterized by? | -Cell rupture-Spilling of contents into the extracellular fluid and blood (this triggers release of certain enzymes depending on the location of the cell death). |
| What do elevated levels of amylase, creatine-MB, and troponin indicate? | Damage to the pancrease and cellular death in the heart. *Enzymes tell if there is cell death. |
| Necrosis | Inflammation (general malaise, elevated WBC count, loss of appetite) |
| What are the 4 types of tissue Necrosis | Coagulative, Liquefactive, Fat, Caseous |
| Coagulative | Heart tissue, kidney |
| Liquefactive | Brain |
| Fat | Pancreas |
| Caseous | Lung |
| Cellular death involving a large area of tissue. Usually results from interruption of major blood supply to a specific body part, such as toes, leg, or bowel. | Gangrene |
| Types of Gangrene | Dry-lower extremitiesWet-internal organsGas-blood stream |
| This type of adaptation usually occurs in cells that DO NOT UNDERGO mitotic division, sucha s differintiated muscle cells. | Hypertrophy |
| How can cells capable of mitotic division adapt? | Hyperplasia |
| Usually results from increased physiologic demands or hormonal stimulation. | Hyperplasia |
| An example of Hyperplasia | Elevated number of red blood cells in response to high altitude and liver enlargement in response to drug detoxification. |
| What does the chronic irritation of epithelial cells result in? | Calluses and/or corns (chronic friction) |
| What can Estrogen lead to? | An increase in enothelial and uterine stomal cells. This is why women on birth control have an increased risk for uterine cancer. |
| Replacement of one differentiated cell type with another. | Metaplasia |
| Usually occurs wiht adaptation to persistent injury. Fully reversible when agent causing the injury is removed. Often involves replacement of glandular epithelium with squamous epithelium. Can occur with smoking. | Metaplasia |
| Disorganized appearance of cells (abnormal variations in size, shape, and arrangement). Represents adaptation that has gone wrong. Usually has a greater potential to develop into cancer. | Dyplasia |
| Occurs when cells shrink and reduce functions in response to a variety of normal and injurious factors. Can be attributed by more than one cause. | Atrophy |
| Causes of Atrophy | Disuse, denervation, ischemia, nutrient starvation, interruption of endocrine signals, persistent cell injury, and aging |
| Disuse | Immobilization by bedrest, casting of an extremity results in shrinkage. Resumes normal size when active again. |
| Denervation | Loss of nerve stimulation. Paraylysis can occur because no nerve impulses exist. |
| Ischemia | Inadequate blood supply to the tissues. If present in lower there is poor circulation which leads to thin skin, muscle wasting, and loss of hair. |
| Common sites of Ischemia | Heart, brain, kidneys, and lower leg. |
| Nutrient Starvation | Due to poor intake, absorption, or distribution to the tissues. |
| Interruption of endocrine signals | Glandular tissues such as the adrenal cortex, thyroid gland, and testicles depend on growth-stimulating signals to maintain size and function. |
| Persistent cell injury | Chronic inflammation and infection |
| Increase in cell mass accompanied by an augumented functional capacity. | Hypertrophy |
| What is cell Hypertrophy? | A response to increased demands. Hypertrophy usually subsides when the demand has decreased or is removed, but not always. |
| What does cellular enlargement result from? | A net increase in cellular protein content. |
| Do fat cells replicate? | No |
Created by:
shanhaup
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