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Micro2 - Enterococcu
Microbiololgy 2 practice test: enterococcus and more, DelTech Owens
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Most Enterococcus are gram (pos or neg?) and (alpha, beta, or gamma?) hemolytic? | gram positive, alpha hemolytic (or sometimes nonhemolytic) |
| Enterococcus are the normal flora of the __ __ of humans and animals and belong in Lancefield group __. | GI tract, Lancefield group D |
| What kind of catalase reaction do Enterococcus have? | catalase negative or pseudocatalase (slight bubbling) |
| Enterococcus are always bile esculin (pos or neg?) and PYR (pos or neg?). | Bile esculin positive, PYR positive. |
| Enterococcus can grow under extreme conditions, including __% NaCl, __ degrees Celsius, and __ pH. | 6.5% NaCl (salty), 10-45 degrees Celsius, alkaline pH (with a pH greater than 7) |
| Enterococcus are multi-drug resistant. This means they can even resist what specific drug? | Vancomycin |
| Enterococcus is an opportunistic pathogen. Most infections are __. | nosocomial |
| What 5 conditions can allow Enterococcu to become pathogenic? | 1. UTI 2. renal dialysis 3. immunocompromised 4. another underlying disease 5. prolonged hospitalization (immobilized for along time) |
| Enterococcus rarely infects what part of the respiratory tract? | upper - it is more likely to infect the lower respiratory tract |
| Enterococci are Gram-positive cocci that often occur in __ or short __and are difficult to distinguish from streptococci on physical characteristics alone.. | pairs (diplococci), short chains |
| Two species of Enterococcus are common commensal organisms in the intestines of humans: Name them both. | 1. E. faecalis 2. E. faecium |
| Enterococci are capable of cellular respiration in both oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor environments. This means they can be described as ? | facultative anaerobic organisms |
| Does Enterococcus form spores? | no |
| Sensitive strains of Enterococcus bacteria can be treated with what 3 antibiotics? | ampicillin, penicillin and vancomycin. |
| The bile esculin test can be used to differentiate Group D strep and enterococci from ? | non-Group D viridans strep |
| Many bacteria can hydrolize esculin, but Group D strep AND enterococci can hydrolyze esculin in the presence of __, which few others can do. | bile |
| A postive bile esculin test turns what color? | black |
| A positive PYR test turns what color? | pink or red |
| When running a bile esculin test, the bile is added to inhibit Gram __ bacteria other than Group D strepand enterococci. | positive |
| You don't need to worry too much about Corynebacterium dipthoids. It's the Corynebacterium __ that presents the bigger clinical threat. | diphtheriae |
| Corynebacterium diptheriae are gram __ rods that gather into groups known as a __ (meaning they tend to line up side by side). | positive rods, palisade or Chinese letters |
| One tell-tale sign of a Corynebacterium diptheriae infection is the formation of a __ in the throat and upper mouth. | pseudomembrane |
| Corynebacterium diptheriae produce a toxin called __ toxin that affects the upper respiratory and GI tract. | diphtheria |
| Corynebacterium spp. will grow on media containing what? | Cystine tellurite and Tinsdale's agar |
| What do Corynebacterium spp. look like on media with Cystine tellurite? | Gray to black colored metachromic granules |
| What do Corynebacterium diphtheira look like on Tinsdale's agar? | black with dark brown halos (NOTE: other Corynebacterium will not form brown halos on this media, only diphtheria) |
| What can Corynebacterium diptheriae form on the skin? | non-healing ulcers |
| Pleomorphic bacterial rods have what sort of shape? | bent |
| Listeria monocytogenes are gram __ pleomorphic rods that form __-hemolytic colonies on BAP. | positive rods, beta-hemolytic |
| Listeria monocytogenes are catalase __ and bile eschulin __. | positive, positive |
| Listeria monocytogenes are motile and move in what way? | tumble |
| One of the most obvious signs of Listeria monocytogenes is ? | tumbling or cartwheel movement |
| Listeria monocytogenes can be found almost anywhere. They are used in what sort of food production? | dairy and deli |
| Listeria monocytogenes presents the worst threat to what group of people? | unborn babies |
| To kill Listeria monocytogenes, do you go hot or cold? | hot |
| What is the most common manifestation of Listeria monocytogenes? | meningitis |
| What kind of operation presents a serious risk of Listeria monocytogenes infection to a patient? | renal transplant |
| Neonatal listeriosis takes on what 2 forms and what periods do these forms occur in the life of the neonate? | 1. early onset: bith or within 3 days 2. late onset: occurs 1-4 days after birth |
| Early onset listeriosis causes the neonate to suffer from what diseases? | 1. pneumonia 2. sepsis |
| Late onset listeriosis causes the neonet to suffer from what disease? | meningitis |
| One sign of meningitis in an infant is ? | stiff neck |
| How can you treat Listeria monocytogenes? 3 drugs. | 1. penicillin 2. ampicillin 3. tetracycline |
| Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae has a very __ shape and is a gram __ bacteria. | pleomorphic or wiggly, gram positive |
| Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae will grow on what 4 kinds of media? | 1. BAP 2. CHOC 3. CNA 4. PEA |
| How do Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae colonies look on a BAP? | small light green colonies |
| Which has longer and thinner rods. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae or listeria? | Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae |
| Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae are most often seen in __ infections but can appear in the respiratory tract on rare occasions. | wound or skin |
| After 48 hours, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae will form __ or __ hemolytic colonies. | alpha or gamma hemolytic |
| Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is catalase __, motility __, and is known as an animal pathogen. | negative, negative |
| Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae produces what on an iron (TSI) agar? | H2S |
| What kind of animal can Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae be found on (as well as on humans who handle that animal)? | pigs and waterborne animals like fish, turtles, dolphins, etc. |
| Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae forms lesions on pigs in what shape? | diamond |
| What are 2 serious consequences of an untreated Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae lesion in humans? | 1. bacteremia 2. endocarditis (Remember that it can go systemic!) |
| Lactobacillus forms gram positive rods that are what length and what shape? | length medium to long, form is straight chains |
| Lactobacillus can grow on what 2 kinds of media? | 1. BAP 2. CHOC |
| Lactobacillus colonies are __ or __ hemolytic. | alpha or gamma hemolytic (usually alpha) |
| How does Lactobacillus handle oxygen? | Lactobacillus is a facultative anaerobe, an anaerobe, or microaerophilic |
| Is Lactobacillus usually pathogenic? | no; it's an opportunistic normal flora |
| Lactobacillus is a normal flora of the ? | female genito-urinary tract |
| Lactobacillus is catalase __ and motile or nonmotile? | catalase negative, nonmotile |
| Lactobacillus is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause what 4 conditions? | 1. endocarditis 2. bacteremia 3. pneumonia 4. meningitis |
| Nocardia belong to which group/phyla? | Actinomycetes |
| Nocardia are gram __ rods that are partially __ __. | gram positive rods, partially acid fast |
| Nocardia look like long __ rods that often have a __ appearance. | long branchy rods, beaded appearance |
| Nocardia is a bacteria that has some characteristics of what other organism? | fungi |
| What sort of stain should you use to see Nocardia clearly under a microscope? | Modified Kinyoun stain |
| Nocardia colonies often take on a branching __ form and can look like __ flakes. | filamentous form, oatmeal flakes |
| How do Nocardia handle oxygen? | They are aerobic |
| Nocardia can be found where (aside from the body). | soil and water |
| Nocardia is a plant __ that can affect immunocompromised patients. | decomposer |
| Nocardia are __ microflora found in healthy gingiva as well as periodontal pockets. | oral |
| What disease is named for Nocardia? | nocardiosis |
| Nocardia can cause pulmonary diseases leading to lung __ similar to TB. | abscesses |
| Nocardia can travel through the body by what means? | bloodstream |
| Nocardia can form chronic subcutaneous infections in the skin called ? | mycetomas |
| Actinomyces are gram __ branching rods that are NOT __ __. | gram positive, NOT acid fast |
| How does Actinomyces like oxygen? | It's anaerobic |
| While Nocardia tends to look like dry oatmeal flakes, Actinomyces are ? | wet and shiny, white or grey |
| Actinomyces can be a normal flora where in the body? | oral cavity and GI tract |
| Actinomyces usually only becomes pathogenic after ? | trauma |
| What kind of patients are usually affected by Actinomyces? | immunocompromised or those who leave in an IUD too long |
| Actinomyces can cause "lumpy jaw," otherwise known as ? | cervicofacial Actinomyces |
| Actinomyces can not only infect the jaw, it can also infect the __ due to spread of cervicofacial and abdominal infection. | the chest |
| Biochemically, Enterobacteriacaea are gram-negative rods that ferment glucose, reduce nitrate to __, and are oxidase __. | reduce nitrate to nitrite, are oxidase negative. |
| Bordetella pertussis and B. parapertussis are only found in humans and cause what kind of infections? | upper respiratory |
| Bordetella bronchiseptica is found in __. | animals (dogs, cats, swine, rabbits) |
| To obtain a specimen of B. pertussis from a patient, you would swab what area? | nasopharyngeal |
| B. pertussis is an encapsulated, gram __ coccobacilli. | negative |
| Colonies of B. pertussis will grow on what 3 kinds of media? | Bordet-Gengou, Regan-Lowe, Modified John-Kendrick |
| When colonies of B. pertussis are grown on Bordet-Gengou media, they resemble droplets of __. | mercury |
| B. pertussis cannot be identified using __. | biochemicals |
| Serological identification of B. pertussis can made using what techniques? | DFA (direct fluorescent antibody) stain and EIA (enzyme immunoassay) |
| B. pertussis is a cause of what disease? | Whooping cough |
| Mild cold symptoms lasting several days are signs of the __ stage of Whooping cough/pertusis. | Catarrhal |
| During the Catarrhal stage of Whooping cough, B. pertussis bacteria is easily transmitted through __. | aerosols |
| Episodes of severe, violent, repetitive coughing lasting 1-4 weeks are signs that Whooping cough has reached the __ stage. | paroxysmal |
| Symptoms of Whooping cough slowly decrease, taking as long as 6 months to disappear completely. This is the __ stage. | convalescent |
| How do you treat Whooping Cough? | erythromycin |
| What are the 4 species of Brucella spp that are pathogenic to humans and what animals do they come from? | 1. B. abortus (cattle) 2. B. suis (pigs) 3. B. mellitensis (goats and sheep) 4. B. canis (dogs) |
| Specimens that can are useful in identifying Brucella spp. can come from what 5 body parts? | 1. blood 2. bone marrow 3. lymph nodes 4. liver 5. spleen |
| Brucella spp. is a level __ pathogen. | 3 |
| Brucella spp. are gram __ coccobacilli or short rods. | negative |
| Brucella spp. are __ staining. | faintly |
| Brucella spp. are all facultative __ parasites. | intracellular |
| What 4 kinds of media can be used to plate Brucella spp? | 1. BAP 2. CHOC 3. MTM 4. BCYE |
| Blood cultures of Brucella spp. should be subcultured to __ media. | CHOC |
| Brucella spp. should be incubated in a __ environment. | capnophilic (CO2) |
| Negative cultures of Brucella spp. should be held for __ days before discarding. | 21 |
| Brucella spp. are catalase __ and oxidase __. | positive, positive |
| Brucella spp. are urease __ and H2S __. | positive, positive |
| The oxidase test identifies organisms (like Brucella spp.) that produce __ oxidase. | cytochrome |
| The enzyme in an oxidase test will convert the substrate to __. | indophenol |
| During the urease test, the enzyme urease hydrolyzes urea to __. | ammonia |
| The formation of ammonia during the urease test shifts the pH (up or down?) | up |
| The pH indicator of the urease test is __ __, which is red at neutral pH but turns yellow at pH < 6.8. It also changes to magenta or hot pink at pH >8.4. | phenol red |
| The serum agglutination test for Brucella spp. uses cells from what species of Brucella? | B. abortus |
| The serum agglutination test for Brucella spp. will detect antibodies from all human pathological species of Brucell spp. EXCEPT for __ __. | B. canis |
| A positive urease test for Brucella will turn __ in color while a negative test result will be __. | positive=pink; negative=yellow |
| Agglutinating antibodies that arise from infections with some microorganisms (like Brucella spp.) that induce fever are called ? | febrile agglutinin |
| Brucella spp. can cause what disease in humans? | Brucellosis |
| What are the main pathways of transmission of Brucella spp. to humans? | 1. ingestion of contaminated milk produce 2. inhalation 3. penetration of ocular or oral mucosa 4. direct inoculation as from abrasions or vaccination |
| What 4 groups are at greatest risk of catching Brucella spp.? | 1. dairy farmers 2. livestock handlers 3. vets 4. lab personnel |
| Symptoms of Brucella spp. are nonspecific, but can include what 7 things? | 1. myalgia 2. headache 3. weight loss 4. sweats 5. fever (of unknown origin) 6. lymphadenopathy 7. splenomegaly |
| What are 4 complications of Brucella spp? | 1. abscesses 2. arthritis 3. spondylitis (vertebral inflammation) 4. endocarditis |
| What combination of drugs can treat Brucella spp? | 1. doxycycline 2. tetracycline 3. streptomycin < all in combination! |
| What single drug can be used to treat Brucella spp? | Rifampin |
| Francisella tularensis is a pathogenic species of Gram __ bacteria and the causative agent of __. | gram-negative, causes tularemia |
| Acceptable sources of lab specimens for Francisella tularensis come from what 3 areas of the body? | 1. infected ulcers 2. lymph nodes 3. sputum |
| Francisella tularensis is a __ staining encapsulate coccobacilli. | faintly |
| Francisella tularensis is an obligate __ and an __ pathogen. | obligate aerobe, intracellular pathogen |
| What does Francisella tularensis require for growth on a plate? | cystine and iron |
| What kind of plates are actually used to grow Francisella tularensis in the lab? | 1. glucose cystine agar 2. CHOC supplemented with IsoVitale X or BCYE |
| Francisella tularensis is weakly catalase __ but oxidase __. | catalase positive, oxidase negative |
| Francisella tularensis ferments some __. | carbohydrates |
| Serological testing of Francisella tularensis include fluorescent __ stain and __ agglutinins. | febrile |
| Francisella tularensis can be carried by what 4 animals? | 1. rodents 2. rabbits 3. beavers 4. muskrats |
| Humans can be infected with Francisella tularensis by handling __ or __ of infected animals. | carcasses, skin |
| Francisella tularensis can infect humans using __ as a vector or by being bitten by infected animals. | insects |
| Francisella tularensis is a level 3 pathogen that can infect lab personnel by way of __. | inhalation |
| Francisella tularensis is an extremely invasive intracellular parasite. Less than __ organisms are needed for infection by cutaneous or aerosol routes. | 50 |
| Name the 6 symptoms of infection by Francisella tularensis. | 1. granulomatous lesions 2. fever 3. headache 4. chills 5. lymphadenopathy 6. pneumonia |
| How do you treat Francisella tularensis? | Streptomycin |
| Pasteurella spp. is a gram __ coccobacilli that is encapsulated and needs __ staining with a __ __ appearance. | gram negative, bipolar staining, safety pin |
| Pasteurella spp. colonies can grow on what 2 kinds of media? | BAP and CHOC |
| What species of Pasteurella spp. is most often encountered? | P. multocida |
| On BAP media, Pasteurella spp. is __-hemolytic and appears what color? | non-hemolytic, gray |
| Pasteurella spp. needs what kind of environment to grow? | capnophilic (CO2) |
| Pasteurella spp. colonies smell ? | musty, like mushrooms |
| Pasteurella spp. is catalase __ and oxidase __ and nitrate __. | catalase positive, oxidase positive, nitrate positive |
| What species of Pasteurella spp. has a rapid systems test available for identification? | P. multocida |
| Pasteurella spp. can be spread to humans through ? | animal bites |
| Pasteurella spp. can cause what kind of infections? | wound and soft tissue infections |
| What is the treatment for Pasteurella spp.? | penicillin |
| Legionella pneumophila are gram __ rods that are difficult to find in __. | negative, sputum |
| To find Legionella pneumophila on a tissue biopsy, what stain should be used? | Gimenez |
| Legionella pneumophila is extremely __ and may produce tiny colonies on what sort of media? | extremely fastidious, CHOC |
| On BCYE media, it can take how many days for a colony to grow in a capnophilic environment? | 3-4 |
| What color is Legionella pneumophila colonies? | gray-white; they are circular and glistening |
| Legionella pneumophila is weakly catalase __ and serological testing can be carried out with direct __ __. | catalase positive, direct fluorescent antibody |
| Legionella pneumophila can be found in the environment and grows well in __ areas. | moist areas (AC ducts, water cooling towers) |
| There are 2 forms of Legionellosis. Name them. | 1. Legionaire's disease 2. Pontiac fever |
| Which is more dangerous. Legionaire's disease of Pontiac fever? | Legionaire's disease |
| The treatment for Legionella pneumophila is ? | erythromycin |
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IsaacJ
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