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Blood Banking Study1
Studying for 2nd test in Blood Banking, DelTech Owens campus MLT program.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Molecules that bind to antibodies or T-cell receptors are called ? | antigens |
| Nonself antigens are called ? | allogenic antigens |
| Self antigens are called ? | autologous antigens |
| Partial antigens that require a carrier molecule to trigger an immune response are called ? | haptens |
| Epitopes are antigenic ? | determinants |
| The part of an antigen that is recognized by the immune system, specifically by antibodies, B cells, or T cells, is called an ? | epitope |
| The part of an antibody that recognizes the epitope is called a ? | paratope |
| Antigens have different epitopes which can trigger different types of ? | antibodies |
| B Cells (or B lymphocytes) are involved in what kinds of reactions? | humoral |
| Most blood transfusion reactions are humoral and involve ? | B lymphocytes |
| B cells the make the majority of antibodies in the body are called ? | plasma cells |
| B cells the react quickly to the body's 2nd exposure to an antigen are called ? | memory B cells |
| B cells transform into ? | plasma cells |
| When a B lymphocyte recognizes an antigen, it presents the antigen to ? | T lymphocytes |
| Once a B cell has presented an antigen to a T cell, the T cell causes the B cells to produce more what? | plasma cells |
| Memory B cells are are generated after an antigen presenting cell has presented the antigen to a T cell. The memory cells can then respond to the next exposure without __ from T cells. | activation |
| Antigens that produce an immune response are called ? | immunogens |
| Which kind of molecules make the best immunogens? | proteins |
| Which kind of molecules make the best immunogens AFTER proteins? | complex carbohydrates |
| The greater the difference between an antigen and particles recognized to be part of the host, the greater the chance of triggering an __ __. | immune response |
| Size is also a factor of immunogenicity. Molecules with a molecular weight of greater than __ D are better immunogens. | 10,000 |
| The number red cells introduced into the body and the number of antigens they carry contribute to the likelihood of an ? | immune response |
| Injections in what 2 areas are more likely to trigger an immune response? | intramuscular and intravenous |
| Antibodies are __ made of 4 polypeptide chains joined by disulfide bonds. | glycoproteins |
| How many heavy chains do antibodies have? | 2 |
| How many light chains to antibodies have? | 2 : they can be 2 kappa or 2 lambda chains |
| The heavy chains are also known as the __ region. | constant |
| What are the 5 classes of antibody? | IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE |
| Which part of the antibody determines its class? | Constant region or heavy chain. |
| The region that binds the antibody to an antigen is known as the __ region. | variable |
| Which classes of antibody are the most important in immunohematology? | IgG and IgM |
| The response triggered by the body's first exposure to an antigen is called the __ response. | primary |
| How long does the primary response take? | 5 to 10 days |
| Which kind of antibody is produced first upon encountering a new antibody? | IgM |
| Are less or more antibodies produced during the first exposure, or primary response? | Less |
| How long does the body take to react to the first exposure to an antigen? | 5 to 10 days (it's the primary response) |
| After IgM antibodies have been produced during the first exposure, which class are produced next? | IgG |
| When is the secondary response triggered to an antigen? | Upon the second or subsequent exposures to the antigen |
| How long does the secondary response to an antigen take? | 1 - 3 days |
| Which kind of antibody dominates the secondary response? | IgG, with lesser amounts of IgM |
| Antibody levels are higher or lower during the secondary response when compared to the primary response? | higher |
| What is formed when an antigen and an antibody combine? | immune complex |
| What 3 things influence the strength of the bond of the immune complex particles? | 1. Size 2. shape 3. charge (of the antigen) |
| The strength of the bond between antigen and antibody in an immune complex is called ? | avidity |
| What kind of forces hold an immune complex together? | noncovalent |
| An attraction between 2 molecules on the basis or opposite charge is referred to as __ bonding, or __ forces. | ionic binding or electrostatic forces |
| When 2 negatively charged groups are attracted to H+ atoms, this is called ? | hydrogen bonding |
| Weak bonds formed due to the exclusion of water from the antigen-antibody complex are known as ? | hydrophobic bonding |
| An attractive force between a negatively charged electron cloud of one atom and the positively charged protons of the nucleus of another atom are known as ? | van der Waals forces. |
| When a positively charged region of a molecule is attracted to a negatively charged region of another molecule, this is known as ? | ionic bonding or electrostatic forces |
Created by:
IsaacJ
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