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BMS 300- Unit 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| muscle that raises and lowers testes | cremastor muscle |
| muscle that wrinkles skin in the scrotum | tunica dartos |
| countercurrent circulation in the testes | pampiniform plexus |
| testicular descent | done by the gubernaculum *stimulated by insulin-like 3 |
| cryptorchism | undescended testes (can be self-corrected or done surgically) |
| leydig cells | produce testosterone/in interstitial space |
| sertoli cells | nurse cells; secrete inhibin; support germ cells; form tight junction; phagocytose defective sperm; secrete AMH |
| male hormone cycles | every 90 minutes |
| sperm is transferred through the vas deferens via | peristalsis |
| balbourethral gland | pre-ejaculate to cleanse the urethra |
| seminal vesicles | 55% of ejaculate (fructose for energy) |
| prostate gland | 40% of ejaculate; alkaline buffer for epididymal secretions and vaginal fluid |
| BPH | benign prostatic hypertrophy; continued prostate growth b/c of DHT |
| treatment for BPH | PROSCAR (5 alpha reductase inhibitor-> doesn't allow testosterone to be converted to DHT) |
| falling sperm counts may be due to | plastic (endocrine disrupters) |
| anabolic steroids | negative feedback on GnRH/LH secretion-> stop producing testicular testosterone *decreased libido (no estradiol) *long bone cartilage stops growing |
| anabolic steroids are stored in _____ in the body | fat |
| atresia | death of follicles in the ovary (most have this fate) |
| theca cells | surround the granulosa cells around the egg (make testosterone-> converted to estradiol) |
| zona pellucida | shell around the ovum |
| dominant follicle | biggest follicle at a specific time- releases hormones that stop the growth of others |
| prostaglandins in ovary | final stage before ovulation- theca cell contraction (COX II pathway) |
| corpus luteum | "yellow body" produces progesterone to maintain pregnancy (yellow b/c of fat) |
| how many oocytes start to mature each day? | 10-25 |
| how many oocytes at birth? | 1 million |
| how many oocytes before birth? | 7 million |
| how many oocytes reach maturity? | 400-500 |
| how many oocytes at menopause? | <1000 |
| how fast do eggs travel through the fallopian tube? | 5-6 inches per day |
| fimbria | massage the ovary to get the egg out |
| how does Plan B work? | makes the fertilized egg move too quickly so that the uterus kills it |
| primary function of menstruation? | to get rid of the endometrium (not the egg) |
| FSH (female) | stimulates development of follicles, induces estradiol production, secretes inhibin |
| LH (female) | stimulates testosterone production by theca cells; induces ovulation; maintains corpus luteum |
| how does puberty begin? | sex steroids are released in the same amounts, but receptors become less sensitive |
| assistance of getting sperm to ampulla | uterine contractions, peristalsis in isthmus |
| ways sperm die before they get to site of fertilization | acidity in vagina, WBCs in uterus, wrong oviduct |
| capacitation | sperm lose protein coat to swim more strongly (occurs in uterus) |
| acrosome reaction | breakdown of membrane w/ enzymes for fertilization |
| corticol reaction | oocyte releases enzymes to harden zona pellucida |
| when does a fertilized egg become a zygote? | when male and female pronuclei fuse |
| Trisomy 21 | down's syndrome |
| sex rations | conception: 160 males:100 females age 65: 80 males: 800 females |
| sex determination | SRY gene (on Y chromosome) creates testes; Leydig cells secrete testosterone to differentiate Wolffian duct; Sertoli cells produce MIS/AMH which causes Mullerian duct to regress (default=Mullerian) |
| testosterone in early development | epididymis, vas deferens. seminal vesicles, ejaculatory duct |
| dihydrotestosterone in early development | development of penis, scrotum, prostate |
| absence of MIS in early development | mullerian ducts transform into uterus, fallopian tubes, inner vagina |
| absence of testosterone in early development | wolffian ducts regress; outer vagina and external genitalia develop |
| embryonic mortality | >50% (2nd week of pregnancy) |
| are most genetic abnormalities due to sperm or egg? | egg; much older |
| Klinefelter's syndrome | XXY male |
| Turner's syndrome | X |
| androgen insensitivity syndrome | testosterone is released, but cells lack functional androgen receptors; no wolffian ducts; female external genitalia (XY genotype) |
| how do we prevent estradiol from going to fetus's brain? | steroid hormone binding globulin prevents it (testosterone gets through for males) |
| sexual orientation | 6th month of pregnancy; wrong hormone exposure; SDN-POA (sexual dimorphic nucleus of the pre-optic area) gets larger (lesbian) or smaller (gay) |
| contraception versus birth control | contraception: prevent egg from fertilizing a sperm birth control: prevention of a live birth (includes contraception) |
| type of compound in spermicides | nonoxynol-9; ruins the outer membrane of cells |
| Mirena IUD | progestin thickens mucus; negative feedback on LH; irritates uterus to increase white blood cell secretion |
| non-hormonal IUD | irritates uterus to increase WBCs to kill sperm and/or fertilized eggs |
| cautery | electric current to create scar tissue to shut tubes (fallopian tubes or vas deferens) |
| why does "untieing" women's fallopian tubes not work? | shortens oviduct so fertilized egg gets to uterus too soon and the uterus kills it |
| oral contraception | estrogen: inhibits FSH and follicle growth progestin: preovulatory LH surge (thickens cervical mucus) |
| highest death risk w/ contraceptives | smokers age 35-45 on oral contraceptives |
| hormone assisted ovulation | FSH and LH given to women |
| in vitro fertilization | allow sperm and egg to fertilize, put into uterus (10-40% liklihood pf pregnancy per try) |
| why are men less fertile? | endocrine disrupters; high BMI; stress |
| artificial insemination | collect sperm; inject into uterus |
| intracytoplasmic sperm injection | inject sperm (dead or alive) into egg |
| mice from two fathers | XO cells (lost Y chromosome); combined; genetic contributions from two fathers |
| timing in making sperm | 40 days: spermocytogenesis 20 days: spermiogenesis 15 days: transfer to epididymis (75 total) |
Created by:
melaniebeale
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