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ClinChem 6-7 Carbs
Practice for ChlinChem1 chaps 6-7 Carbs and Lipids
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Carbohydrates can be classified by the number of __ in the chain. | carbons |
| Carbohydrates can be classified by the __ of the carbon chain. | size |
| Carbohydrates can be classified by the location of the __ group. | carbonyl (CO) |
| Carbohydrates can be classified by stereo__. | stereoisomers |
| What's the 4 criteria for classifying carbohydrates? | 1. number of carbons in the chain 2. size of the carbon chain 3. location of the carbonyl group 4. stereoisomers |
| A molecule containing the carbonyl group (C=O) at the end of the carbon chain (the first or last carbon) is called an ? | aldehyde |
| A molecule containing the functional group on an internal carbon is called a ? | ketone |
| The ketone in a monosaccharide is called a ? | ketose |
| An aldehyde is a molecule ... ? | containing the carbonyl group at the end of the carbon chain. |
| A ketone is a molecule ... ? | containing the functional group on an internal carbon. |
| The aldehyde in a monosaccharide is called a ? | aldose |
| Disaccharides are formed by the interaction of 2 monosaccharides with the loss a __ molecule. | water |
| Examples of monosaccharides include (3) ? | 1. glucose 2. fructose 3. galactose |
| 3 of the most common disaccharides are ? | 1. maltose 2. lactose 3. sucrose |
| Two glucose molecules forms ? | maltose |
| Glucose and galactose combined form ? | lactose |
| Glucose and fructose combined form ? | sucrose |
| These molecules are usually insoluble in water and are complex carbohydrates made of more than 20 monosaccharides. | polysaccharides |
| Name 3 common polysaccharides. | 1. starch 2. glycogen 3. cellulose |
| How many glucose units are contained in most polysaccharides? | 25-2500 |
| The conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage, often occurring after heavy meal, is called ? | glycogenesis |
| What metabolic process involves the breakdown of glycogen to form glucose and regulates glucose levels between meals? | glycogenulosis |
| The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources such as amino acids, glycerol, or lactate that occurs during long-term fasting is a metabolic process called ? | gluconeogensis |
| Conversion of glucose or other hexoses into 3-C molecules is called ? | glycolysis |
| What is the most important hormone? | insulin |
| What counterregulatory hormone increases blood glucose levels when they are too low? | glucagon (among others) |
| Blood glucose could get low when __ or between __. | fasting, meals |
| Which hormone lowers blood glucose levels when they are elevated? | insulin |
| Diabetes mellitus is a group of diseases characterized by __. | hyperglycemia |
| Diabetes mellitus is a group of diseases characterized by hyperglycemia due to what 3 defects? | 1. defects in insulin production 2. defects in insulin action 3. defects in both |
| The ADA classified diabetes mellitus into what 4 categories. | 1. type 1 2. type 2 3. other (secondary mellitus) 4. gestational |
| Excessive thirst is called ? | polydipsia |
| Increased urine discharge is called ? | polyuria |
| Increased appetite and eating large amounts of food is called ? | polyphagia |
| If you are (what age) or older, you are at a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes. | 45 |
| If your body mass index is equal to or above __, you are at higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes. | 25 kg/m2 |
| If your HDL cholesterol is at or above __, you have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes. | 35 mg/dl |
| If your triglyceride level is at or above __, you have a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes. | 250 mg/dl |
| What kind of syndrome can increase your risk of getting type 2 diabetes? | polycystic ovary syndrome |
| A history of __ disease increases your risk of getting type 2 diabetes. | vascular |
| Onset of type 1 diabetes mellitus is (abrupt or insidious)? | abrupt |
| Type 1 diabetes is due to an absolute insulin __. | deficiency |
| People suffering from type 1 diabetes are prone to (ketosis or non-ketosis)? | ketosis |
| Onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus is (abrupt of insidious)? | insidious |
| Type 2 diabetes is due to a relative deficiency or insulin __. | resistance |
| Patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus will have autoantibodies to what kind of cell? | islet cell cytoplasmic antibodies (ICAs) |
| Patients with diabetes mellitus may suffer from __ system damage. | nervous |
| Patients with diabetes mellitus may suffer from __ __ __ disease. | end-stage renal |
| Patients with diabetes mellitus are susceptible to ? | infections |
| Patients with diabetes mellitus may end up having what limbs amputated? | lower limbs |
| Some complications of diabetes mellitus include heart __ and __. | disease and strokes |
| If you are less than 25 years old, have normal weight before pregnancy and no family history of diabetes or abnormal glucose tolerance, you are less likely to suffer from __ diabetes. | gestational |
| Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) will be less than __ mg/dl. | 100 |
| Impaired fasting plasma glucose (FPG) would be between __ and __ mg/dl. | 100-125 |
| The fasting plasma glucose (FPG) of someone with diabetes mellitus would be equal to or less than __ mg/dl. | 126 |
| The normal 2-hour postload glucose (OGTT) would be less than __ mg/dl. | 140 |
| The 2-hour postload glucose (OGTT) of someone with impaired glucose tolerance would be between __ and __ mg/dl. | 140-199 |
| The 2-hour postload glucose (OGTT) of someone with provisional diabetes mellitus would less than or equal to __ mg/dl. This figure must be confirmed. | 200 |
| Glucose oxidase is specific for __ glucose. | Beta-D |
| Hexokinase catalyzes the phosphorylation of glucose by __ __ ... | adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
| Hexokinase catalyzes the phosphorylation of glucose by adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to form __ and __ __. | glucose-6-phosphate and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) |
| What is the reference method for glucose? | hexokinase method |
| The interfering substances in the hexokinase reaction include (4) ? | 1. some drugs 2. hemolysis 3. bilirubin 4. lipemia |
| Fasting serum and plasma glucose levels range from __ to __ mg/dl. | 70-99 mg/dl |
| Fasting specimens should be colected after a fast of at least __ hours but not greater than __ hours. | 8 hours, 16 hours |
| What is the preferred screening test for NONpregnant adults? | fasting plasma glucose (FPG) |
| A glucose level over __ is indicative of diabetes mellitus. | 200 |
| How do you test the postload glucose tolerance level? | Give patient 75g glucose drink and test 2 hours later. |
| You must ingest at least __ grams of glucose for 3 days before taking a glucose tolerance test. | 150 |
| __ __ is an index of the patient's average blood glucose over a 2-3 month period. | Glycosylated hemoglobin |
| A patient does not need to __ before being tested for glycosylated hemoglobin. | fast |
| Albuminuria can occur due to a vascular dysfuntion to the __ __, which normally that allows albumin to pass through. | glomerular membrane |
| Vascular __ can cause leakage that results in further damage to blood vessels, causing albuminuria. | inflammation |
| Microalbumin is __ before overt proteinuria. | positive |
| One way that proteinuria is defined is __ - __ mg of albumin in urine per 24 hours. | 30-300 |
| 30-300 ug of albumin per mg of creatinine on 2 or 3 urine collections is one indication of __. | proteinuria |
| __ are a class of organic compounds that are potentially esters of fatty acids. | Lipids |
| Lipids are (soluble or insoluble?) in organic solvents. | soluble |
| Lipids are nearly (soluble or insoluble?) in water. | insoluble - lipids are hydrophobic |
| What are the 4 major kinds of lipids? | 1. cholesterol 2. triglycerides 3. phospholipids 4. glycolipids |
| What are the 5 classes of lipids? | 1. sterol derivatives 2. fatty acids 3. glycerol esters 4. sphingosine derivatives 5. terpenes |
| Cholesterol is the primary __ derivative in animals and humans. | sterol |
| Cholesterol contains how many carbon atoms and how many fused rings? | 27 atoms, 4 rings |
| What are the 4 cholesterol fused rings called? | a,b,c,d |
| What kind of cholesterol is absorbed in the diet, bile, intestinal secretions, and cells. | exogenous cholesterol |
| Where is endogenous cholesterol produced? | liver |
| What is endogenous cholesterol made from? | simple molecules including acetate |
| What is the simplest form of lipid? | fatty acid |
| What is the chemical symbol for fatty acids? | RCOOH |
| What kind of fatty acids contain an alkyl chain without a double bond between C atoms? | saturated fatty acids |
| Monounsaturated fatty acids contain __ double bond. | one |
| Polyunsaturated fatty acids contain __ double bond. | more than one |
| Glycerol esters are one of the common alcohols found in human __. | metabolism |
| Glycerol has how many carbons in a molecule and has how many hydroxyl groups? | 3 of both |
| What is the most common glycerol ester in blood plasma? | triglycerides |
| What are triglycerides made from? | glycerol and 3 fatty acids |
| Lipids are transported by complex micellar structures called ? | Lipoproteins |
| What are the 5 categories of lipoproteins? | 1. chylomicrons 2. VLDL 3. IDL 4. LDL 5. HDL |
| Apolipoproteins are proteins found as an integral part of what molecule? | lipoprotein molecules |
| Apolipoproteins are categorized into what 5 classes? | a,b,c,d,e |
| What are the 4 lipoprotein metabolism pathways? | 1. lipid absorption 2. exogenous 3. endogenous 4. reverse cholesterol |
| The exogenous lipoprotein metabolism pathway is composed of __. | chylomicrons |
| The largest and least dense of the lipoprotein classes is ? | chylomicrons |
| Which pathway involves the metabolism of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) to low density lipoproteins (LDL). | endogenous pathway |
| Which class of lipoproteins is the major transporter of cholesterol in plasma to peripheral tissues? | LDL |
| LDL is used as a structural component of ? | cell membranes |
| Which lipoprotein metabolic pathway is formed from lipids absorbed in the intestines? | exogenous pathway |
| LDL is used as a precursor of ? | steroid hormones |
| Which lipoprotein metabolic pathway transports dietary or exogenous triglycerides from the intestine to the hepatic or peripheral cells? | exogenous pathway |
| LDL is used for storage of cholesterol as ? | esters |
| Which is the smallest and most dense lipoprotein? | HDL (duh) |
| Which class of lipoprotein/cholesterol is the most atherogenic and is a major risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD)? | LDL |
| Where is HDL lipoprotein secreted from? | liver and intestinal mucosal cells |
| HDL actually provides protection from ? | coronary heart disease |
| Abnormally elevated levels of any or all lipids and/or lipoproteins in the blood is called ? | hyperlipidemia |
| What is the most commonly ordered screening test for hyperlipidemia? | total cholesterol test |
| About what percentage of total cholesterol in plasma is carried by LDL? | 70-75% |
| About what percentage of total cholesterol in plasma is carried by HDL? | 15-20% |
| About what percentage of total cholesterol in plasma is carried by VLDL and chylomicrons? | 5-10% |
| Cigarette smoking is or is not a major risk factor that alters your LDL levels? | It is |
| A major risk factor concerning unhealthy LDL levels includes an HDL level of less than how many mgs per dl? | 40mg/dl |
| Hypertension, another risk factor for LDL cholesterol, is when your blood pressure is at or above ? | 140/90 |
| What 2 risk factors for LDL cholesterol levels are beyond your control? | 1. age (45 men and 55 women) 2. family history of congestive heart failure |
| What is the name of the most commonly performed enzymatic procedure? | cholesterol oxidase |
| The 1st step in the cholesterol oxidase reaction involves hydrolysis of __ __ by cholesterol esterase. | cholesteryl esters |
| The cholesterol oxidase enzymatic reaction must compete with which 3 interfering substances? | 1. bilirubin 2. ascorbic acid 3. hemoglobin |
| What is the preferred range for cholesterol? | less than 200 mg/dL |
| A specimen drawn for cholesterol oxidase testing does not have to be taken after a patient has __. | fasted |
| What is the reference range for triglycerides? | less than 150mg/dL is good |
| If triglyceride levels are really high, how will blood plasma or serum look? | turbid or milky |
| HDL is measured in samples in which the LDL and VLDL have been __ and __. | precipitated and removed |
| What is the preferred range for HDL? | at least 60mg/dL |
| You are at high risk of CAD if your HDL levels are less than ? | 35mg/dL |
| What formula is used to calculate LDL-C? | Friedewald formula |
| What else must be determined before you can use the Friedewald formula to calculate LDL-C? | 1. total cholesterol 2. HDL-C 3. triglycerides |
| What is the Friedewald formula? | LDL = (total cholesterol) - (HDL-C + TG/5) |
| The Friedewald formula will not yield valid results if the patient's triglyceride levels are over ? | 400mg/dL |
| What is the preferred range for LDL levels? | 100-130mg/dL |
| What level of LDL is considered high risk for CAD? | Over 160 |
| Metabolic syndrome is a group of interrelated metabolic risk factors that appear to directly promote development of ? | atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease |
| What are the 5 most commonly recognized risk factors for metabolic syndrome? | 1. low HDL 2. high LDL 3. high triglycerides 4. high blood pressure 5. high blood glucose |
Created by:
IsaacJ
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