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BMS 300- Unit 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| conducting zone | trachea, bronchi, bronchioles |
| smooth muscles in bronchioles have receptors for | epinephrine (beta 2) |
| respiratory zone | terminal bronchioles and alveoli |
| build up on water in the alveoli | pneumonia |
| boyle's law | P1V1=P2V2 |
| elastic recoil | the tendency of the lung to return to its original shape and position |
| 3 methods of elastic recoil | 1) negative pressure in pleural sac 2) elastin in extracellular space 3) hydrogen bonding (surface tension) |
| emphysema | loss of elastic recoil (increased compliance) -larger alveoli; destroyed elastin *can't breathe out |
| fibrotic lung disease | increased elastic recoil (decreased compliance) -build up of collagen *can't breathe in |
| dalton's law | total pressure= sum of partial pressures of each gas |
| percent oxygen in the atmosphere | 21% |
| percent nitrogen in the atmosphere | 79% |
| Henry's law | gases go into solution in proportion to their partial pressures |
| Bohr effect | affinity of hemoglobin for O2 deminishes w/ lower pH |
| hyperventilation | decreased PCO2 in alveolar spaces-> less CO2 in blood to stimulate breathing |
| carotid and aortic bodies | contain sensory neurons (peripheral monitoring of CO2, pH, O2) |
| what makes up kidney stones? | uric acid |
| creatinine | reserve (usually found in muscle) to create ATP |
| adrenal gland | on top of kidneys |
| renal corpuscle | glomerulus + bowman's capsule |
| 60% of H2O, ions reabsorbed in | the proximal convoluted tubule |
| solvent drag | paracellular route (PCT)- water drags other water soluble compounds |
| what makes up 1200 milliosmoles of corticomedullary gradient? | 300 Na+, 300 Cl-, 600 urea |
| Lassex | loop diuretic- keeps Na+ in DCT rather than reuptake |
| high NaCl in macula densa | they release ATP- binds to purinergic receptors on smooth muscle- contracts |
| after high sodium meal | adrenal cortex down regulates aldosterone (puffy because of Na+ in interstitial space) |
| aldosterone is a | transcription factor |
| what does aldosterone do | upregulates production of Na/K ATPase and Na channel production in the distal convoluted tubule (to reuptake sodium) |
| vasopressin aka | antidiuretic hormone |
| name of linkage in digestible carbohydrates | 1,4 alpha (beta cannot be broken) |
| salivary amylase | starch -> maltose (found in the oral cavity) |
| NSAIDs | block the Cox I (mucus-producing pathway) in the stomach |
| soft palate | activate reflex in pharynx and esophagus |
| Cox II pathway & drugs | used this instead of NSAIDs- also blocked prostaglandins that inhibit platelet formation- led to heart attacks |
| chief cell | releases pepsinogen- precursor to pepsin (active site is blocked) |
| I-cell | in duodenum- releases cholecystokinin |
| S-cell | in duodenum- releases secretin |
| two phases of digestion | brush border, bulk phase |
| 3 pancreatic digestive enzymes | amylase, trypsinogen (trypsin=active)/ chymotrypsinogen (chymotripsin= active), lipase |
| enteropepsidase | converts trypsinogen to trypsin |
| sucrase | breaks down sucrose to glucose+fructose |
| bile constituents | cholesterol + glycine or taurine |
| two bile acid names | taurocholic acid, glycocholic acid |
| lipoprotein lipase | breaks apart lipoproteins into proteins + FA and monoglycerides |
| insulin | glucose binds to beta cells, releases insulin, it binds to muscle/fat cells on a receptor tyrosine kinase, and increases expression of glut-4 to allow glucose into those cells |
| cholecystokinin and gallbladder | binds to cells, releases bile |
| bile | breaks apart large lipids into smaller globules (to then be broken down w/ lipase) |
| trypsin | breaks down proteins-> peptides (broken into AAs at brush border) |
| canaliculi | collects bile produced by hepatocytes |
| what cells produce bile | hepatocytes |
| chylomicrons are produced in ___ and go ___ | enterocytes, lymph |
| LPL is found on | endothelial cells |
| LPL breaks down lipoproteins for FA and MG to be taken up in | adipocytes |
| when smooth muscle in bronchioles bind epinephrine... | they relax to increase air flow |
Created by:
melaniebeale
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