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Historical Figures
excluding U.S. Presidents, writers, painters, and Supreme Court justices
| Description | Name |
|---|---|
| Winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931. Founded Hull House in Chicago where immigrants and homeless found shelter, education, and medical assistance. | Addams |
| Nixon's vice president who resigned in 1973, pleading "no contest" to charges of income tax evasion while governor of Maryland. | Agnew |
| Wrote "rags to riches" books based on the theme that honesty, hard work, and virtue will win and be rewarded; Ragged Dick, his first novel. | Alger |
| Leader of the Green Mountain Boys and advocate of independence for Vermont during the American Revolution | Allen |
| Suffragist and abolitionist, she was a leader and lecturer in the women's rights movement of the 19th century; with Stanton, she founded the National Woman Suffrage Organization and served as its president. | Susan B. Anthony |
| Successfull general during the American Revolution; tried to sell West Point to the British | Arnold |
| A black patriot killed in the Boston Massacre of 1770. | Attucks |
| Carried out his father's plans to colonize 300 American families in Mexican-owned Texas, establishing the first authorized American settlement there. | Austin |
| A young plantation owner whi led a group of indentured servants in a 1676 uprising against the colonial authorities headed by Sir William Berkely, governor of Virginia. The group accused Berkely of failing to protect them from raids by Native Americans. | Bacon |
| first notable U.S. historian; wrote History of the United States of America (1834). "Father of U.S. History" | Bancroft |
| A nurse in the Civil War, she founded the American Red Cross. | Barton |
| Invented the telephone ( 1876). | Bell |
| Wrote Looking Backward, 200-1887, describing an ideal U.S. as a utopian socialist society. | Edward Bellamy |
| President of the Second Bank of the United States. | Biddle |
| First woman to receive a medical degree in the U.S. | Blackwell |
| The second governor of Plymouth; served over 30 years; wrote Of Plymouth Plantation. | Bradford |
| Photographer of the Civil War. | Brady |
| abolitionist who led a raid on Harpers Ferry, Virginia, in 1859; captured by troops led by Robert E. Lee. | John Brown |
| delivered the "Cross of Gold" speech; three-time candidate for the presidency (1896, 1900, 1908); secretary of state under Wilson but resigned over U.S. involvement in WWI; prosecuting attorney at the Scopes Trial. | Bryan |
| Vice- President under Jefferson; challenged Hamilton to a duel and shot him; was believed to be developing a plan to seize the Western territories and Mexico to buil an empire for himself. | Burr |
| Secretary of State under Tyler; was Vice-President under John Q. Adams and Jackson; anonymously wrote the South Carolinas Exposition and Protest, calling the Tariff of Abominations unconstitutional and justifying the state's claimed power of nullification | Calhoun |
| The leader of the American soldiers in the Vietnam war, who opened fire on about 350 unarmed Vietnamese civilians in My Lai (called the My Lai Massacre); occurred March 16, 1968. | Calley |
| Established his own steel corporation which later joined with the U.S. Steel Corporation; wrote "The Gospel of Wealth"; used his wealth to establish over 2500 libraries and contributed to education. | Carnegie |
| Marine biologist who wrote Silent Spring, which claimed that the use of chemicals was permanently harming the ecological balance of he world. | Carson |
| African-American botanist and teacher at Tuskegee Institute; remembered for experiments with soybeans, sweet potatoes, and especially peanuts. | Carver |
| Founded the League of Women Voters and helped establish the Women's Peace Party during WWI; directed the final massive drive for a constitutional amendment allowing women to vote. | Catt |
| Secretary of State under John Q. Adams ("corrupt bargain"); leader of the War Hawks in Congress who urged war against Englans in 1812. | Clay |
| Governor of New York who worked to construct the Erie Canal. | Clinton |
| Led a group of unemployed workers from Ohio to Washington, D.C., in 1894, in the depth of the depression the financial panic of 1893. | Coxey |
| Secretary of War under Pierce; president of the Confederate States of America. | Davis |
| Led the Pullman strike in 1894; Socialist presidential candidate five times, even from jail in 1920. | Debs |
| Naval hero of the Spanish-American War when his fleet soundly defeated the Spanish in Manila Bay. | George Dewey |
| Lost to FDR in 1944 and to Truman in 1948; the Dewey of the headline "Dewey Defeats Truman" | Thomas Dewey |
| Worked to win human treatment for the insane. | Dix |
| Spospred the Kansa-Nebraska Act in 1854, which included the idea of popular sovereignty; took part in a series of debates against Abraham Lincoln in the Senate race in 1858 in Illinois; defeated Lincoln in this race. | Stephen Douglas |
| An escaped slave who became a prominent abolisyionist. | Frederick Douglass |
| The first black to earn a Ph. D. degree from Harvard; wrote Souls of Black Folk, stating that blacks must speak out for equal rights; helped to found the NAACP, joined the Communist party, and moved to | DuBois |
| critically injured in an accident, she recovered, attributing her recovery to prayer and spiritual mind control; as a result founded the Christian Science religion and the Chritian Science Monitor. | Eddy |
| "The Wizard of Menlo Park," he invented the incandescent electric lamp, the phonograph, and the motion picture projector; said genius is "1 percent inspiration and 99 percent perspiration." | Edison |
| A leader of the Great Awakening, in 1741, he delivered the sermon "Sinners in the Hand of an Angry God." | Edwards |
| The 1st cabinet official to be found guilty of a felony while in office; was secretary of the inferior under Harding; resigned because of his involvement in the Teapot Dome Scandal, in which he took bribes from oil men for illegal leases on public lands. | Fall |
| Businessman and financier who planned and engineered the first transatlantic telegraph cable which ran from Newfoundland to Ireland. | Field |
| Helped to cause the stock market crash in 1869 by trying to corner the gold marcket. | Fisk and Gould |
| Published Poor Richard's Almanack; devised the lightning rod and developed bifocals; signed all 4 colonial documents; helped negotiated the Treaty of Paris (1783). | Franklin |
| 1st governor of California; ist presidential candidate of the new Republic Party (1856). | Fremont |
| Wrote The Feminine Mystique (1963), which analyzed the role of women in American society and sparked the modern feminit movement. | Frieden |
| Built the ist commercially successful steamboat, the Clermont. | Fulton |
| Abolitionist who founded the Liberator. | Garison |
| Created a modern version of the "back to Africa" movement; founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association. | Garvey |
| Perfected barbed or twisted wire, patenting it in 1874; it helped end the open range in the West. | Glidden |
| Cigarmaker who helped organize the American Federation of Labor and served as its president almost every year until he died. | Gompers |
| Editor of the Atlantic Constitution; advocated a New South that had a commercial and industrial economy similar to the North. | Grady |
| Founded the New York Tribune; said, "Go West, young man, and grow up with the country." | Greeley |
| Born in the West Indies (Nevis), he co-authored The Federalist; was the 1st treasury secretary and responsible for creating the 1st Bank of the United States; killed in a duel with Burr. | Hamilton |
| Was president of the Second Continental Congress; the 1st to sign the Declaration of Independence. | Hancock |
| Managed the Republican presidential campaign of 1896 for McKinley; became Republican national chairman; his money, power, and success led to election to the U.S. Senate. | Hanna |
| Private secretary to Lincoln; secretary of state under McKinley and TR; was responsible for the Open Door Policy toward China and treaties with Panama. | Hay |
| Newspaper and magazine publisher, owned the New York Journal, manipulated public opinion against Spain in the Spanish-American War with yellow journalism. | Hearst |
| Served in the Virginia House of Burgesses; said "Give me liberty of give me death"; was 5-time governor of Virginia. | Henry |
| Called "the Empire Builder," he devekoped the Great Northern Railroad between the Great Lakes and the Pacific Northwest; he accomplished this without government subsidies. | Hill |
| Puritan clergyman who became dissatisfied with Massachusetts and became the founder of Connecticut. | Hooker |
| Governor of bothe Tennessee and Texas; defeated Santa Anna at the Battle of San Jancito in 1836, which secured Texas' independence; was president of Texas. | Houston |
| Invented the sewing machine. | Howe |
| Served as secretary of state under FDR from 1933 to 1944; won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1945; developed the Good Neighbor Policy; responsible for the initial plans that resulted in the United Nations. | Hull |
| New England Puritan leader who was excommunicated from the church because of her belief that salvation could not be earned and her claim to an immediate revelation from God; moved with her family to Rhode Island where she founded Portsmouth. | Hutchinson |
| Wrote A Century of Dishonor, telling about the U.S. government's ruthlessness in dealing with the Native Americans. | Helen Hunt Jackson |
| 1st African-American to to be a serious contender for the Presidency; headed the Rainbow Coalition, an independent political organization aimed at united racial minorities. | Jesse Jackson |
| Named for his determined stand against the Union forces at the 1st Battle of Bull Run in 1861; was accidentally shot by one of his own troops after the Battle of Chancellorsville and died a week later. | Stonewall Jackson |
| 1st chief justice of the U.S.; was president of the Continental Congress; helped negotiate the Treaty of Paris (1783). | Jay |
| Scottish-born naval hero of the American Revolution, he commanded several ships, including the Bonhomme Richard; defeated the Serapis, saying, "I have not yet begun to fight," when asked to surrender. | Jones |
| Chief of the Nez Perce, advocated nonviolence toward white squatters on his nation's land and peaceful resistance to the Oregon government's effort to move his people; was the only major leader left when the Nez Perce surrendered in 1877. | Chief Joseph |
| Baptist minister and black civil rights leader, he led a successful bu boycott protesting segregation in Montgomery; delivered the "I Have a Dream" speech; won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964; killed in Memphis in 1968 by James Earl Ray. | Martin Luther King, Jr. |
| German-born foreign policy specialist; taught at Harvard in the 1950's and '60's; was secretary of state under Nixon and Ford; negotiated the cease-fire agreements ending U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War in 1973, for which he won the Nobel Peace Prize. | Kissinger |
| Governor of Wisconsin, he helped found the Progressive movement and was the Progressive party candidate for president in the election of 1924; called "Fighting Bob" because of his deep commitment to his beliefs. | LaFollette |
| Confederate war general; became commander in chief of all Confederate armies just prior to the fall of Richmond in April, 1865; surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1856; spent his final years as president of Washington College. | Lee |
| Head of the United Mine Workers from 1920 to 1960. | John L. Lewis |
| Sent by Jefferson in 1804 to investigate the resources the U.S. had acquired in the Louisiana Purchase (1803). | Lewis and Clark |
| Called the "Lone Eagle" and "Lucky Lindy," he made the 1st solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic in the Spirit of St. Louis in 1927, flying from New York to Paris in 33 1/2 hours. | Lindbergh |
| Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, fervent isolationist, led the oppostition in the Senate against ratifying the Treaty of Versailles and joining the League of Nations. | Lodge |
| Called "Kingfish," he became governor of Lousiana in 1928 on the platform of "every man a king"; criticized the New Deal and proposed to end the Depression with his Share-Our-Wealth movement. | Long |
| General who commanded Allied troops in the Pacific during WWII, supervised the postwar occupation of Japan, and led United Nations forces during the Korean War; removed by Truman on charges of insubordination. | MacArthur |
| A Republican senator from Wisconsin who charged that Communists had infiltrated the State Department and the U.S. Army; public hearings were held (1953-54) during this red scare; finally censured by the Senate. | McCarthy |
| Invented the mechanical reaper, a device to gather and cut grain. | McCormick |
| A Democratic South Dakota senator, he was the Democratic nominee in 1972, but lost in a landslide to Nixon | McGovern |
| Secretary of state under Truman, he helped launch the the Marshall Plan to assist European recovery after the war, receiving the Nobel Peace Prize in 1953 for his efforts. | Marshall |
| Financier, he was the most powerful banker; created the world's 1st billion-dollar business by purchasing U.S. Steel from Carnegie | Morgan |
| Inventor and painter, principally known for his invention of the telegraph. | Morse |
| Quaker reformer and abolitionist, she served as a delegate to the World Antislavery Convention in London in 1840 but was denied a seat because of her sex; with Stanton, she organized the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention. | Mott |
| Consumer advocate who wrote an expose of safety standards in the automobile industry, Unsafe at Any Speed. | Nader |
| German-born editorial and political cartoonist; created the Democrats' donkey, the Republicans' elephant, and the Tammany tiger. | Nast |
| Temperance agitator and reformer; the widow of an alcoholic, she believed that she has a divine calling to destroy saloons; she began in Wichita, Kansas, to use a hatchet to ruin saloons, describing her actions as "hatchetations." | Nation |
| Received a charter to establish the colony of Georgia in 1732; led debtors and other poverty-stricken immigrants to Savannah in 1733 and was the colony's 1st governor. | Oglethorpe |
| Wrote the pamphlet, Common Sense, the first to advocate independence for the American colonies; wrote a series of 16 paphlets during the Revolution called The Crisi, which helped inspired the Revolutionaries. | Paine |
| Called "the mother of the Civil Rights Movement," she was an African-American seamstress who in 1955 refused to give uo her seat on a bus in Montgomery to a white passenger as the law required; her arrest led to the loss of her job and a boycott. | Parks |
| 1st femal cabinet member; was secretary of labor under FDR. | Perkins |
| Led a mission to Japan that opened the nation's ports to world trade. | Matthew, Perry |
| Commander of U.S. naval forces on Lake Erie during the War of 1812. | Oliver Perry |
| Called "Black Jack," because he commanded Buffalo Soldiers; in 1916 he pursued Pancho Villa in Mexico (didn't catch him); commander of the American Expeditionary Forced in France during WWI. | Pershing |
| Hungarian-born editor and publisher; after making a fortune from merging two St. Louis newspapers, he bought the New York World, whose competition was Hearst's New York Journal; this competition brought about yellow journalism. | Pulitzer |
| Black labor and civil rights leader, he organized the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters in 1925; directed marches on Washington, D.C. | Randolph |
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