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PBHS AP BIO Ch.13-16
Vocab daily work
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| heredity | transmission of traits from one generation to the next |
| genetics | the study of heredity |
| genes | unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA |
| gametes | vehicles that transmit genes from one generation to the next. |
| asexual reproduction | when a single individual is the sole parent and passes copies of all its genes to the offspring. |
| clone | a group of genetically identical individuals |
| sexual reproduction | when two parents have offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from both of them |
| somatic cell | any cell other than those involved in gamete formation. |
| karyotype | a display of chromosome pairs on a cell arranged by size and shape |
| homologous chromosomes | two chromosomes composing a pair that have the same length |
| sex chromosomes | the X and Y chromosomes |
| autosomes | the set of chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes |
| diploid cell | any cell with two chromosome sets |
| fertilization | the union of gametes |
| zygote | the resulting fertilized egg after fertilization |
| meiosis | a modified type of cell division that forms gametes |
| alternation of generations | a type of life cycle that includes both diploid and haploid stages that are multicellular |
| gametophyte | a multicellular haploid stage that generates when a haploid spore doesn't fuse with another cell but divides mitotically |
| sporophyte | the multicellular diploid stage in alternation of generations |
| chiasma | an X shaped region that connects two homologs |
| independent assortment | the first meiotic division that results in each pair sorting its maternal and paternal homologs in two daughter cells independently of every other pair. |
| crossing over | genetic rearrangement between non sister chromatids |
| recombinant chromosomes | individual chromosomes that carry genes derived from two different parents |
| true-breeding | plants that produce offspring of the same variety when they self pollinate |
| P generation | the parental generation of true breeding plants |
| F1 generation | the hybrid offspring of the P generation |
| F2 generation | the offspring of the F1 generation |
| hybridization | the mating of two true breeding varieties |
| law of segregation | states that the two alleles for heritable character separate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes |
| alleles | alternative version of a gene |
| punnett square | a handy diagram device to predict allele composition of offspring from across between individuals of known genetic makeup |
| homozygous | organism that has a pair of identical alleles for a character |
| heterozygous | an organisms that has two different alleles for a gene |
| phenotype | organisms apperance or observable trates |
| genotype | genetic makeup |
| monohybrids | heterozygous for one character |
| dihybrids | individuals heterozygous for two characters |
| law of independent assortment | each pair of alleles segregates independently of each other pairs of alleles during gamete formation |
| complete dominance | when the phenotypes of the heterozygote and the domininant homozygote are indistinguishable |
| incomplete dominance | neither allele is completely dominant and the F1 hybrids have a phenotype somewhere between those of the two parental varieties |
| codominance | when the two alleles both affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways |
| epistasis | a gene at one locus alters the phenotypic expression of a gene at a second locus |
| tay-sachs disease | an inherited disorder in humans when the observed dominant relationship of alleles depends on the level in which we examine phenotypes. |
| polygenic inheritance | an additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character |
| pedigree | a family tree that describes the traights of parents and children across a generation |
| cystic fibrosis | the most common lethal genetic disease in the U.S. |
| huntington's disease | a degenerative disease of the nervous system caused by lethal dominant allele that has no obvious phenotypic effect until the individual is about 35 to 45 |
| sickle-cell disease | the most common inherited disorder among people of african decent |
| amniocentesis | a technique that determine whether the developing fetus has tay-sachs disease |
| choronic villus sampling | an alternative technique that is an alternative to amniocentesis |
| chromosome theory of inheritance | the theory that genes have specific loci along chromosomes and it is the chromosomes that undergo segregation and independent assortment |
| wild type | phenotype for a character most commonly observed in natural populations |
| sex-linked gene | a gene located on either sex chromosome |
| duchenne muscular dystrophy | progressive weakining of the muscles and loss of coordination |
| hemophillia | sex linked recessive disorder defined by the absence of one or more of the proteins require for blood clottin |
| barr body | it lies along the inside of the nuclear envolope |
| linked genes | genes located on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together in genetic crosses |
| genetic recombination | the production of offspring with combinations of traits that differ from those found in either parent |
| parental types | the offspring expected to inherit a phenotype that matched one of the parental phenotypes |
| linkage maps | a genetic map based on recombination frequincies |
| cytogenic maps | maps which locate genes with respect to chromosomal features that can be seen in a microscope |
| nondisjunction | mishap where members in a pair of homologous chromosomes do not move apart properly during meiosis 1 |
| polyploidy | chromosomal alteration when organisms have two complete chromosomes sets in all somatic cells |
| monosomic | a cell that only has one copy of the chromosome instead of the normal two |
| deletion | what occurs when a chromosomal fragment is lost |
| duplication | when a deleted fragment becomes attached as an extra segment to a sister chromatid |
| inversion | when a chromosomal fragment reattaches to the original chromosome but in the reverse orientation |
| translocation | a result of chromosomal breakage when a fragment joins a nonhomologous chromosome |
| down syndrome | the result of an extra chromosome 21 that results in heart defects, short stature, and mental retardation |
| genomic imprinting | variation in phenotype depending on whether an allele is inherited from the male or female parent |
| transformation | a change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by the cell |
| bacteriophages | viruses that infect bacteria |
| double helix | the form of native DNA |
| semiconservative model | when a double helix replicates, each of the daughter cells will have one old strand derived from the parent molecule |
| replication fork | Y shaped region where the parental strands of DNA are being unwound |
| helicases | an enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at replication forks |
| topoisomerases | helps relieve strain by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands |
| DNA polymerases | enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of new DNA by adding nucleotides to a preexisting chain |
| leading strand | the new complementary DNA strand synthesized continuously along template strand toward the replication fork |
| lagging strand | a discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates by means of okazaki fragments |
| okazaki fragments | short fragments of DNA synthesized away from the replication fork on a template strand during DNA replication, many of which are joined to make up the lagging strand of newly synthesized DNA |
| DNA ligase | enzyme that joins sugar-phosphate backbones of all the okazaki fragments into a continuous strand |
| mismatch pair | when enzymes remove and replace incorrectly paired nucleotides that result from replication errors |
| nuclease | an enzyme that helps a segment of the strand containing DNA damage to be cut out |
| nucleotide excision repair | DNA repair system when enzymes involved in filling the gap are a DNA polymerase and legase |
| telomeres | special nucleotide sequences that do not contain genes |
| telomerase | enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in eukaryotic germ cells, thus restoring their original langth |
| chromatin | complex of DNA and protein that fits into the nucleus through a system of DNA packing |
| heterochromatin | type of interphase where centromeres and telomeres of chromosomes exist in a highly condensed state |
| euchromatin | a less compacted, more dispersed form of heterochromatin |
| dispersive model | when the parent helix is broken into fragments, dispersed and copied then assembled into two new helices |
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