Vocab daily work
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| heredity | transmission of traits from one generation to the next
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| genetics | the study of heredity
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| genes | unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA
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| gametes | vehicles that transmit genes from one generation to the next.
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| asexual reproduction | when a single individual is the sole parent and passes copies of all its genes to the offspring.
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| clone | a group of genetically identical individuals
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| sexual reproduction | when two parents have offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from both of them
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| somatic cell | any cell other than those involved in gamete formation.
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| karyotype | a display of chromosome pairs on a cell arranged by size and shape
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| homologous chromosomes | two chromosomes composing a pair that have the same length
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| sex chromosomes | the X and Y chromosomes
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| autosomes | the set of chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes
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| diploid cell | any cell with two chromosome sets
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| fertilization | the union of gametes
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| zygote | the resulting fertilized egg after fertilization
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| meiosis | a modified type of cell division that forms gametes
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| alternation of generations | a type of life cycle that includes both diploid and haploid stages that are multicellular
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| gametophyte | a multicellular haploid stage that generates when a haploid spore doesn't fuse with another cell but divides mitotically
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| sporophyte | the multicellular diploid stage in alternation of generations
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| chiasma | an X shaped region that connects two homologs
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| independent assortment | the first meiotic division that results in each pair sorting its maternal and paternal homologs in two daughter cells independently of every other pair.
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| crossing over | genetic rearrangement between non sister chromatids
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| recombinant chromosomes | individual chromosomes that carry genes derived from two different parents
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| true-breeding | plants that produce offspring of the same variety when they self pollinate
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| P generation | the parental generation of true breeding plants
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| F1 generation | the hybrid offspring of the P generation
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| F2 generation | the offspring of the F1 generation
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| hybridization | the mating of two true breeding varieties
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| law of segregation | states that the two alleles for heritable character separate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes
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| alleles | alternative version of a gene
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| punnett square | a handy diagram device to predict allele composition of offspring from across between individuals of known genetic makeup
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| homozygous | organism that has a pair of identical alleles for a character
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| heterozygous | an organisms that has two different alleles for a gene
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| phenotype | organisms apperance or observable trates
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| genotype | genetic makeup
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| monohybrids | heterozygous for one character
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| dihybrids | individuals heterozygous for two characters
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| law of independent assortment | each pair of alleles segregates independently of each other pairs of alleles during gamete formation
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| complete dominance | when the phenotypes of the heterozygote and the domininant homozygote are indistinguishable
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| incomplete dominance | neither allele is completely dominant and the F1 hybrids have a phenotype somewhere between those of the two parental varieties
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| codominance | when the two alleles both affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways
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| epistasis | a gene at one locus alters the phenotypic expression of a gene at a second locus
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| tay-sachs disease | an inherited disorder in humans when the observed dominant relationship of alleles depends on the level in which we examine phenotypes.
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| polygenic inheritance | an additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character
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| pedigree | a family tree that describes the traights of parents and children across a generation
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| cystic fibrosis | the most common lethal genetic disease in the U.S.
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| huntington's disease | a degenerative disease of the nervous system caused by lethal dominant allele that has no obvious phenotypic effect until the individual is about 35 to 45
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| sickle-cell disease | the most common inherited disorder among people of african decent
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| amniocentesis | a technique that determine whether the developing fetus has tay-sachs disease
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| choronic villus sampling | an alternative technique that is an alternative to amniocentesis
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| chromosome theory of inheritance | the theory that genes have specific loci along chromosomes and it is the chromosomes that undergo segregation and independent assortment
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| wild type | phenotype for a character most commonly observed in natural populations
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| sex-linked gene | a gene located on either sex chromosome
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| duchenne muscular dystrophy | progressive weakining of the muscles and loss of coordination
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| hemophillia | sex linked recessive disorder defined by the absence of one or more of the proteins require for blood clottin
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| barr body | it lies along the inside of the nuclear envolope
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| linked genes | genes located on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together in genetic crosses
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| genetic recombination | the production of offspring with combinations of traits that differ from those found in either parent
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| parental types | the offspring expected to inherit a phenotype that matched one of the parental phenotypes
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| linkage maps | a genetic map based on recombination frequincies
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| cytogenic maps | maps which locate genes with respect to chromosomal features that can be seen in a microscope
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| nondisjunction | mishap where members in a pair of homologous chromosomes do not move apart properly during meiosis 1
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| polyploidy | chromosomal alteration when organisms have two complete chromosomes sets in all somatic cells
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| monosomic | a cell that only has one copy of the chromosome instead of the normal two
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| deletion | what occurs when a chromosomal fragment is lost
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| duplication | when a deleted fragment becomes attached as an extra segment to a sister chromatid
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| inversion | when a chromosomal fragment reattaches to the original chromosome but in the reverse orientation
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| translocation | a result of chromosomal breakage when a fragment joins a nonhomologous chromosome
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| down syndrome | the result of an extra chromosome 21 that results in heart defects, short stature, and mental retardation
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| genomic imprinting | variation in phenotype depending on whether an allele is inherited from the male or female parent
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| transformation | a change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by the cell
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| bacteriophages | viruses that infect bacteria
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| double helix | the form of native DNA
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| semiconservative model | when a double helix replicates, each of the daughter cells will have one old strand derived from the parent molecule
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| replication fork | Y shaped region where the parental strands of DNA are being unwound
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| helicases | an enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at replication forks
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| topoisomerases | helps relieve strain by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands
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| DNA polymerases | enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of new DNA by adding nucleotides to a preexisting chain
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| leading strand | the new complementary DNA strand synthesized continuously along template strand toward the replication fork
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| lagging strand | a discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates by means of okazaki fragments
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| okazaki fragments | short fragments of DNA synthesized away from the replication fork on a template strand during DNA replication, many of which are joined to make up the lagging strand of newly synthesized DNA
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| DNA ligase | enzyme that joins sugar-phosphate backbones of all the okazaki fragments into a continuous strand
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| mismatch pair | when enzymes remove and replace incorrectly paired nucleotides that result from replication errors
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| nuclease | an enzyme that helps a segment of the strand containing DNA damage to be cut out
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| nucleotide excision repair | DNA repair system when enzymes involved in filling the gap are a DNA polymerase and legase
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| telomeres | special nucleotide sequences that do not contain genes
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| telomerase | enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in eukaryotic germ cells, thus restoring their original langth
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| chromatin | complex of DNA and protein that fits into the nucleus through a system of DNA packing
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| heterochromatin | type of interphase where centromeres and telomeres of chromosomes exist in a highly condensed state
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| euchromatin | a less compacted, more dispersed form of heterochromatin
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| dispersive model | when the parent helix is broken into fragments, dispersed and copied then assembled into two new helices
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