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BMS 300- Unit 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| pericarditis | inflammation of the pericardium (can't beat because of low pressure return) |
| diastole | filling phase |
| systole | muscle contraction, increased pressure, ejection |
| stroke volume | end diastolic volume-end systolic volume |
| when does blood flow to the myocardium? | during diastole |
| endurance athletes | hypertrophy and increased end diastolic volume |
| angioplasty | insert a catheter into coronary artery, push plaque against wall, |
| stent | insert a tube to replace an artery |
| conductile system order | SA node-> AV node -> bundle of His -> bundle branches -> purkinje fibers |
| HCN stands for | hyperpolarization cyclic nucleotide |
| there are more ___ than ____ cells in the heart | contractile than conductile |
| p wave | atrial contraction (systole) |
| QRS complex | ventricular contraction |
| t wave | ventricular diastole |
| blood flow through the body | aorta, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins, vena cava, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary vein, left atrium, left ventricle |
| how do you treat high blood pressure? | deactivate norepinephrine receptors so contraction of capillaries does not occur |
| cardic output = | stroke volume * cycles per minute (4.9 L per minute) |
| blood flow for myocardium | coronary artery-> arterioles -> capillaries -> coronary sinus -> right atrium |
| HCN probability of opening | depends on how many cAMP binding sites are occupied |
| HCN rate of depolarization | depends on amount of depolarization (and cAMP levels) |
| lidocaine push | blocks Na+ channels |
| 2 differences between skeletal and cardiac muscle | cardiac innervated by pacemaker cells (not motor neurons) calcium released chemically (not mechanically) |
| the autonomic system innervates | cardiac, smooth, and glands |
| nicotinic ach receptors | preganglionic in both sympathetic and parasympathetic (ligand-gated ionotropic channels) |
| ΔP= | resistance x flow |
| Flow= | ΔP*pi*radius^4/8*viscosity*length |
| formed elements | fragments of true cells |
| blood is a type of | connective tissue |
| erythrocytes are | not true cells! they're formed elements |
| reticulocytes can be high because | of NSAIDs causing small ulcers |
| In regions of high O2, | erythrocytes bind O2 |
| In regions of low O2 | erythrocytes release O2 |
| Shape of erythrocytes | biconcave disk |
| Sickle cell anemia | 1 mutation- protein change in alpha subunit of hemoglobin prevents malaria (cell dies before proliferation of bacterium) *heterozygous |
| bilirubin and bilivaridin in babies | exchange of fetal hemoglobin for mature hemoglobin (fetal has higher oxygen affinity), excess bilirubin builds up and causes jaundice (can be broken down with UV light) |
| what is erythropoeitin | glycoprotein peptide hormone |
| erythropoeitin and doping | synthetic has different glycoproteins so they got caught! |
| osmotic pressure | from outside, due to impermeant anions |
| hydrostatic pressure | due to systole; water and ions escape from capillaries |
| bubonic plague | named by "Bubos"- swelling of lymph nodes because of bacterial build up |
| white pulp | germinal region in the spleen that contains immune cells |
| thymus | most active around puberty; selects t-lymphocytes |
| granules | vesicles that contain oxidative molecules (free electrons, HClO, H2O2) |
| hemagluttin | virus- key to get in to cell |
| neuraminidase | virus- key to get out of cell |
| HxNx | H= hemagluttin N= neuraminidase |
| signs of inflammation + why caused | -redness: increased blood flow -swelling: liquid escape from capillaries -warmth: increased blood flow -pain: bacteria bind to pain receptors |
| three functions of antibodies | mask/neutralize toxin, agglutination, precipitation |
| how do we make so many different antibodies | 300 variable regions; 8 joiner regions |
| professional antigen-presenting cells | macrophages, dendritic cells, b lymphocytes (MHC II) |
| secondary immune response | memory b-cells release antibody to attack antigen |
| humoral immunity | B lymphocytes -secrete active antibody that binds to foreign proteins (antigens) |
| cellular immunity | T-lymphocytes -helper -killer *t cell receptors are always transmembrane proteins |
| what produces increased afterload? | increase in aortic pressure |
| what increases sarcomere length? | increased preload |
| preload is the same as | end diastolic volume |
| afterload | a pressure measured in mm Hg that forces the aortic valve open |
Created by:
melaniebeale
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