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BMS 302- Unit 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| gluconeogenesis is | synthetic, during fasting state |
| what cells need glucose? | adipose, muscle, most other |
| what cells DONT need glucose? | liver, nervous |
| what cells detect increases or decreases in blood glucose? | beta |
| metabolic processes that require insulin | glycogenesis, lipogenesis |
| glucagon is released from | alpha cells |
| glucose can be found in urine if | blood glucose is larger than 180 mg % |
| epinephrine is released from | medullary cells of the adrenal gland |
| insulin shock can be treated with | glucose or glucagon injections |
| how often should you be screened for diabetes? | every 3 years after 45 |
| blood glucose measured in | mg%, mg/dL, mg/100mL |
| four components of refractive system | vitreous humor, aqueous humor, lens, cornea |
| what component of refractive system can change as needed? | lens |
| convex | converging, positive dipoter, hyperopia (farsighted), long focal length, weak refraction |
| concave | diverging, negative dipopter, myopia (nearsighted), short focal length, strong refraction |
| dipoters | 1/meters |
| normal refractive power and focal length | 59, 17 |
| 3 near response reflexes | accommodation, pupillary, convergence |
| accommodation does what to refraction | increase |
| In the accommodation reflex, the ciliary muscle _______, which ______ the tension on the suspensory ligaments, and _____ the refractive power of the lens. | contracts, decreases, increases |
| NS of ciliary muscle | PANS (increased=contraction) |
| type of muscle of ciliary | multi-unit smooth |
| atropine (cholinergic antagonist) with ciliary muscle | block contraction, keeps lens flat |
| near point ___ with age | increases |
| NS of pupillary dilation | SANS |
| muscle type in iris | multi-unit smooth |
| spherical lens focuses light in | all axes |
| cylindrical lens focuses light in | one axis |
| the ___ between a hard lens and a cornea with an irregular surface helps correct the refractive defects | tear layer |
| o blood | universal donor |
| ab blood | universal recipient |
| transfusion reaction | result of immune complexes formed |
| packed cells | cells only, no plasma |
| naturally occurring antibodies | natural exposure; form naturally |
| caucasian Rh | 85% positive |
| african Rh | 100% positive |
| asian Rh | 95% positive |
| whole blood | formed elements and plasma |
| serum | plasma with fibrinogen removed (cells allowed to clot) |
| buffy coat | white cells and platelets |
| plasma | liquid fraction of blood with anti-coagulant added |
| formed elements | red cells, white cells, platelets |
| coagulation | blood clotting |
| agglutination | interaction between antigens and antibodies that results in clumping |
| three rules of blood typing | 1) antigens on cell, antibodies in plasma/serum 2) agglutination only antigen+antibody 3) antigens on cell determine blood type |
| functional syncytium | mass of cells that function as one |
| pacemaker cell | cells capable of spontaneously depolarizing |
| ectopic pacemaker | pacemaker cell out of expected site |
| isoelectric line | baseline for ECG |
| intercalated disk | gap junction |
| fibrotendonous rings | insulation |
| slow response action potentials | SA, AV, ectopic |
| fast response action potentials | bundle of his, bundle branches, purkinje, atrial, ventricular |
| prepotential of slow response | Na+ & Ca2+ in slowly, K+ reduced permeability |
| depolarization of slow response | Ca2+ in rapidly |
| repolarization of slow response | K+ out rapidly |
| depolarization of fast response | Na+ in rapidly |
| plateau of slow response | K+ out slowly, Ca2+ in slowly |
| SA compared to AV | steeper and faster |
| ECG is a recording of | electrical impulse, sum of electrical activity over time |
| P wave | atrial depolarization |
| QRS complex | ventricular depolarization (and atrial repolarization) |
| T wave | ventricular repolarization |
| leads | counterclockwise starting from 1 at top |
| lead II electrodes | neg= right arm, pos= left leg |
| einthoven's law | lead 2= lead 1 + lead 3 |
| increased P duration | damaged atrial cells (ischema) |
| increased PR interval | interference in conduction between SA and purkinje |
| increased QRS | non-simultaneous activation of ventricals |
| left mean electrical axis deviation | hypertension, obesity, tumor, pregnancy, left hypertrophy |
| right mean electrical axis deviation | right hypertrophy, pulmonary hypertension |
| av block | prolonged QR interval |
| bundle branch block | prolonged QRS complex |
| polydypsia | excessive thirst |
| poyuria | frequent urination |
Created by:
melaniebeale
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