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Chapter 3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| organic compound | a covalently bonded compound that contains carbon, excluding carbonates and oxides |
| functional group | a portion of a molecule that is active in a chemical reaction and that determines the properties of many organic compounds |
| monomer | a simple molecule that can combine with other like or unlike molecules to make a polymer |
| polymer | a large molecule that is formed by five monomers, or small units |
| macromolecule | a very large organic molecule, usually a polymer, composed of hundreds or thousands of atoms |
| condensation reaction | a chemical reaction in which two or more molecules combine to produce water or another simple molecule |
| hydrolysis | a chemical reaction between water and another substance to form two or more new substances; a reaction between water and salt to create an acid or a base |
| adenosine triphospate | |
| carbohydrate | any organic compound that is made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and oxygen and that provides nutrients to the cells of living things. |
| monosaccharide | a simple sugar that is the basic subunit, or monomer, of a carbohydrate |
| disaccharide | a sugar formed from two monosaccharaides |
| polysaccharide | one of the carbohydrates made up of long chains of simple sugars; polysaccharide include starch, cellulose, and glycogen |
| protein | an organic compound that is made up of one or more chains of amino acid s and that is a principal component of any cell |
| amino acid | an organic molecule that contains carboxyl and an amino group and makes up proteins; protein monomer |
| peptide bond | the chemical bond that forms between carboxyl group of one amino group of amino acid |
| polypeptide | a long chain of several amino acids |
| enzyme | a type of protein or RNA molecule that speeds up metabolic reactions of plants and animals without being permanently changed or destroyed |
| substrate | a part, substance, or element that lies beneath and supports another part, substance, or element; the reactant in reactions catalyzed by enzymes |
| active site | site on an enzyme that attaches to a substrate |
| fatty acid | an organic acid that is contained in lipids, such as fats or oils |
| triglyceride | a lipid made of three fatty acids molecules and one glycerol molecule |
| phospholipid | a lipid that contains phosphorus and that is a structural component in cell membranes |
| wax | a type of structural lipid consisting of a long fatty-acid chain that is joined to a long alcohol chain |
| steroid | a type of lipid that consists of four carbon rings to which various functional groups are attached and that usually has a physiological attached |
| nucleic acid | an organic compound, either RNA or DNA, whose molecules are made up of one or two chains of nucleotides and carry genic information |
| deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | the material that contains information that determines inherited characteristics |
| ribonucleic acid (RNA) | a natural polymer that is present in all living cells and that plays a role in protein synthesis |
| nucleotide | in a nucleic-acid chain, a sub-unit that consists of sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base |
Created by:
HustingE17
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