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Phys Exam 3: Ch 33
Leukocytes & Inflammation
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Name the cells that are considered phagocytic granulocytes, from most common to least common | PMNs (40-75%), Eosinophils (1-6%), Basophils (<1%) |
| What is the non-granular phagocytic cell, and what portion of the cells do they comprise? | Monocytes, 2-10% |
| What do monocytes differentiate into? | Macrophages |
| What are the non-phagocytic cells, and what portion of the cells to they comprise? | Lymphocytes - B- and T-cells, 20-50% |
| What is the lifespan of a granulocyte in circulation and in the tissues? | a few hours in circulation, a few days in tissues |
| What is the lifespan of a monocyte in circulation and in the tissues? | a few days in circulation, months-years in tissues as macrophages |
| What is the lifespan of a lymphocytes in circulation and in the tissues? | weeks to months in circulation, cycling b/n tissue & lymph nodes |
| What are the 3 types of cell movement? | Ameboid motion, chemotaxis, diapedesis |
| Define chemotaxis | Movement along a gradient of a chemical |
| Define diapedesis | Movement thru the blood vessel wall |
| What types of structures can cells phagocytose? | Tissue debris & non-self material, cell surface markers - continually replaced, antibodies & complement proteins (opsonization) |
| What are 3 specialized organelles? | Phagosome, lysosome, peroxisome |
| What is a phagosome? | vesicle enclosed by ophagocytosis |
| What is a lysosome? | A vesicle that contains proteases & lipases for digestion |
| What is a peroxisome? | A vesicle that contains free radicals: OH, O2-, H2O2 |
| What are the cellular components that comprise the reticulo-endothelial system? | monocytes - in plasma, macrophages - some in plasma, most in tissue |
| What is the action of histamine? | Vasodilation of local blood vessels! |
| What is the infection route of the reticulo-endothelial system? | Body surface --> tissues --> lymph nodes |
| What is the response of the reticulo-endothelial system to an infection? | When a macrophage encounters a pathogen, the macrophage migrates into lymph node, then if pathogen is washed into the lymph node, the node is full of macrophages that will react to the pathogen |
| Besides the lymph system, where are some other types of macrophages located? | fill the meshwork w/in the spleen; Kuppfer cells - line the liver sinusoids; alveolar macrophages; microglia in the brain |
| What is the general structure of flow of lymph through a lymph node? | Lymph filtrate enters from several small lymph ducts, passes closely thru & around a maze of lymphocytes, and leaves thru a larger efferent lymph duct |
| What chemical vasodilator do injured tissue cells release to trigger the inflammatory response? | Histamine |
| Describe what happens to the area of injury during the inflammatory response | Vasodilation causes inc local flow to the tissue, pores b/n ECs enlarge, causing inc space b/n cells, allowing for increased fluid flow into the interstitial space. The increased fluid in the interstitial space will eventually move into the lymph system. |
| Why would the body want an increase in fluid flowing into the interstitial space around the site of injury during an inflammatory response? | Fluid flow allows clotting proteins to the injury site, which wall off the area, increasing flow into the lymph system. It also allows more PMNs to the injury site |
| What are some classic signs of inflammation? | Heat, swelling, redness, pain (Latin: calor, tumor, rubor, dolor) |
| Describe the leukocyte response during inflammation | Macrophages become activated, attack the pathogen, release cytokines; PMNs & monocytes move from plasma --> injury site; monocytes differentiate into macrophages; PMNs & monocytes are released from the BM; More PMNs & monocytes are produced by the BM |
| What is TNF-alpha? | A cytokine secreted by activated macrophages |
| What are the local effects caused by TNF-alpha? | 1. Is a vasolilator - dilates blood vessels & enlarges pores; 2. Inc PMN attachment to vessel walls via surface proteins --> inc PMN presence; 3. Activates blood clotting via release of Tissue Factor |
| What are the systemic effects caused by TNF-alpha? | 1. Inc PMN release from BM; 2. Activates hypothalamus to generate a fever; 3. Inc liver production of C-reactive protein, which activates the complement protein |
| What is the fxn of Complement protein? | Mark bacteria for phagocytosis |
| What happens if there is excessive amounts of TNF-alpha in the blood? | Septic shock - systemic bacterial infection and systemic release of cytokines |
| What is the fxn of eosinophils? | Specialized to attack parasites |
| How do eosinophils carry out their fxn? | They attach to roundworm/flatworm and release the contents of the granules |
| What do eosinophilic granules contain? | Protease, lipase, RNAase, free radicals, H2O2, Major Basic Protein (a toxic peptide) |
| What is the fxn of the proteases, lipases, and RNAases within the eosinophilic granules? | For cutting thru the plasma membrane & cytoplasm |
| Eosinophilic granules are modified versions of what structureS? | Lysosomes, peroxisomes |
| Describe the fxn of Major Basic Protein | 1. Forms pores in parasite membranes, causing the contents to leak out and are digested; 2. MBP binds complement protein, marking the parasite for phagocytosis |
Created by:
hclark86
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