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BMS 300- Unit 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| phineas gage | rod through head; -> philosophical change of soul vs. brain |
| three types of energy | electromagnetic; mechanical; chemical |
| what is the oldest sense? | olfaction (does not go through thalamus) |
| integration is | the CNS (brain and spinal cord) |
| nerve | a collection of neuronal processes in the peripheral NS |
| grey matter | neuronal cell bodies and dendrites |
| white matter | connectivity (myelinated axons) |
| the cerebrum is made of | white matter |
| the cortex is made of | grey matter |
| nerve | collection/bundle of neuronal processes in the central nervous system |
| how many pairs of spinal nerves | 31 |
| how many pairs of cranial nerves | 12 |
| how many layers of cells in the cortex | 6 |
| ganglion | collection of neuronal cell bodies in the PNS |
| neuronal doctrine | the neuron is the fundamental structural and functional unit for the NS |
| two pools of thought before electron microscope | reticularists (all neurons connected) cellularists (each cell is a separate entity) |
| glial cells (and types) | regulate the environment of neurons (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia) |
| astrocyte | keeps ion concentrations in narrow ranges; removes NT from synapse and returns it to neuron in its precursor (glutamate-> glutamine) |
| oligodendrocyte | glial cells in the CNS that create white matter (myelinate axons) |
| microglia | macrophages (immune cells) of the nervous system -> release bleach and hydrogen peroxide |
| ALS | (Lou Guerig's disease) mutation in microglia that kills neurons |
| Schwann cells | in PNS -> same functions as astrocytes AND oligodendrocytes (*can regrow) |
| oligodendrocytes and regrowth | stops neuronal growth to prevent overgrowth |
| stretch activated channels | creates a generator potential- which then creates an action potential |
| how are differences in stimulus propagated | higher frequency of APs-> creates larger amplitude of depolarization |
| vagus stuff | acetylcholine (slows heart rate) |
| trigger zone | Na+ gated channels on the axon- EPSPs must reach this and get to threshold |
| summation of EPSPs (2) | spatial summation, temporal summation (20 msec) |
| Ohm's law | voltage= resistance * current (resistance= ions moving per second) |
| diseases due to inhibition problems | tetanus; seizures |
| tetanus | bacterial toxin destroys a protein responsible for allowing the release of inhibition neurotransmitter |
| botulism | destroys the protein responsible for allowing the release of excitatory neurotransmitter |
| EPSP is always | less than action potential (single EPSPs) |
| somatosensory system: 2 components | spinothalamic tract; dorsal column medial lemniscus |
| Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus | fine touch, proprioception (stretch receptors- where you are in space) *crosses over in brain stem |
| Spinothalamic Tract | pain, temperature, crude touch (pressure) *crosses over in spinal cord |
| Brown Sequard Syndrome | cut one side of spinal cord-> no fine touch on that side, but no pain/temp/pressure on the other side |
| which neuron switches sides in the somatosensory system? | 2nd order (for both spinothalamic and DCML) |
| gyrus | tops of folds |
| sulcus/fissure | folds |
| body map | on somatosensory cortex there is a body map (large for hands and face) |
| Places between somatosensory and motor cortices | SSC-> association cortex -> frontal lobe -> motor cortex |
| striatum | regulates movements (responsible for Parkinson's) |
| pre central gyrus | primary motor cortex; frontal lobe |
| post central gyrus | somatosensory cortex; parietal lobe |
| motor unit | a lower motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates |
| fewer fibers per motor unit | fine tuning (extraocular eye muscles, hands) |
| more fibers per motor unit | coarse tuning (back muscles) |
| ALS (not the disease) | aka spinothalamic tract |
| glutamate | excitatory (like Ach) |
| glycine | inhibitory (like GABA) |
| muscle relaxation normally occurs because | Ca2+ leaves the troponin and is returned to the SR via a pump (that requires ATP) |
| in the CNS, the amplitude of postsynaptic potential is.... | graded w/ the number of ligand gated ionotropic channels that open |
| increase extracellular K+... | membrane will depolarize (+++ flows in) |
| post synaptic response primarily dictates by | the receptor that binds the neurotransmitter |
| conductile region on lower motor neuron, amplitude of AP | all or none, always same amplitude |
| PNS conductile region bundles | nerves |
| ligand gated ionotropic channels are opened by | neurotransmitter molecules binding specifically to a receptor |
| decrease in membrane resistance | need more EPSPs, shorter time period, decrease EPSP amplitude |
| tract | conductile region in the CENTRAL nervous system |
| nucleus | collection of cell bodies in CNS |
Created by:
melaniebeale
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