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Microbiology1 Test2
Practice for Microbiology 1 test on microorganisms at DelTech Owens
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| All things need __ __ to live. | essential nutrients |
| What are the 11 essential elements? | Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, potassium, iron, nitogen, sulfur, magnesium, iodine, sodium chloride (CHOPKINS MIS - K for potassium) |
| Organisms with special nutritional requirements are called ? | fastidious |
| Is water a nutrient? | yes |
| Nutrients are essential __ factors. | growth |
| What 4 things are needed to produce other essential molecules? | Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids |
| Microbes grow by __, not by increases in size. | replication or multiplication |
| Organisms that use sunlight for energy to synthesize nutrients, like algae, plants, and cyanobacteria, are called ? | photoautotrophs |
| Organisms that use simple inorganic chemicals for energy to make nutrients, like methanogens and deep-sea vent bacteria, are called ? | chemoautotrophs |
| Organisms that take in organic chemicals from other sources are called ? | heterotrophs |
| Most heterotrophs are also (what kind of trophs)? | chemotrophs |
| Organisms that convert nutrients obtained from other organisms into food, like protozoa, fungi, animals, and many bacteria, are called ? | chemoheterotrophs |
| Decomposers that metabolize the organic matter of dead organisms (fungi and bacteria are 2 examples) are called ? | saprobes of saprophiles |
| Organisms that make energy from light but get their carbons from organic substances are called ? | photoheterotrophs |
| An organism that gets its energy from light but it's nutrients from the air is called an ? | autotroph |
| Organisms that use sunlight or organic matter for energy are called ? | photohemotrophs |
| Organisms that use the tissues and fluids of living hosts are called ? | parasites |
| Lab media that supports the growth of most nonfastidious organisms is called ? | nonselective media |
| Lab media that has extra nutrients to support cultures of microorganisms is called ? | enriched media |
| Lab media that demonstrates the differences between several populations of microorganisms is called ? | differential media |
| Lab media that encourages some microorganisms to grow while it inhibits others is called ? | selective media |
| A broth used in a lab that is designed for specific populations is called ? | enrichment media |
| Name something that active membrane transport requires but that passive membrane transport does not. | energy |
| Passive membrane transport is a process that moves __ the gradient. | down |
| Passive membrane transport is a process that goes from __ concentration to __ concentration. | from high to low |
| Diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion are examples of what type of membrane transport? | passive |
| The tendency of a fluid (usually water) to pass through a semipermeable membrane into a solution where the solvent concentration is higher so that it equalizes the concentrations of materials on either side of the membrane is called ? | osmosis |
| Active membrane transport moves up the gradient, going from __ concentration to __ concentration. | from low to high |
| Endocytosis, exocytosis, and solute pumping are examples of what kind of membrane transport? | active |
| Movement into cells, movement into or out of a nucleus, mitochondria, or endoplasmic reticulum, are all examples of what kind of diffusion? | facilitated |
| The major source of energy for cellular reactions, this nucleotide is found in the mitochondria of all plant and animal cells. What is it? | ATP |
| When small molecules go through the carrier proteins in the cell membrane, this is called ? | active transport |
| When the cell membrane surrounds large molecules that are too big to go through its lipid bilayer and forms a vesicle that travels through the cytoplasm, this is called ? | bulk transport |
| A form of active transport that allows a molecule that cannot cross the lipid bilayer to enter the cell by way of a protein channel. What is it? | solute pumping |
| Solute pumping is a form of __ transport because it requires ATP to allow the molecule to pass through its membrane. | active |
| ATP moves substances __ concentration gradients. | against |
| What kind of organism requires 20% oxygen in the atmosphere to live? | obligate aerobes |
| What kind of organism requires less oxygen than is found in normal air? Between 1-15%? | microaerophilic aerobes |
| What kind of organism prefers and anaeroeic (non oxygen) environment but can live in an atmosphere with as much as 20% oxygen? | facultative anaerobes |
| What kind of organism can remain in an oxygen environment for a short time before dying? | aerotolerant anaerobes |
| What kind of organism grows best in the presence of 3-10% carbon dioxide? | capnophilic organisms |
| Thermophiles grow best in __ temperatures. | high |
| Mesophiles grow best at __ temperatures. | moderate |
| Psychophiles grow best at __ temperatures. | cold |
| What pH range do most microorganisms prefer to live in? | 7-7.4 |
| What pH do acidophiles prefer to live in? | 2-5 |
| What pH do alkaliphiles prefer to live in? | 8.5 |
| Organisms that prefer salty environments are called ? | halophilic |
| Organisms that can survive in salty environments but that don't prefer them are called ? | haloduric |
| Name one example of a haloduric organism. | Staphylococcus aureus |
| Mircoorganisms that can survive under high atmospheric pressure are called ? | barophiles or piezophiles |
| Barophiles can survive in atmospheric pressures exceeding __ psi. | 14.7 |
| Bacteria multiply through __ __, or the splitting into 2 or more parts. | binary fission |
| What do you call the time needed for a bacteria to split, or multiply? | generation time |
| Bacteria double their numbers with each generation. 1 becomes 2, 2 becomes 4, etc. This means that their growth is __. | exponential |
| Escherichia coli has a generation time of __ mins. | 20 |
| The phase of bacterial growth where the organisms are just getting acclimated to their environments is called ? | lag phase |
| The phase of bacterial growth where the organisms begin growing quickly while there is plenty of nutrients and space is called ? | log phase or logarithmic growth phase |
| The phase of bacterial growth where growth rates begin to level off as nutrients are depleted and waste builds up is called ? | stationary phase |
| The phase of bacterial growth where microorganisms die off because nutrients are being used up and waste is building up is called ? | death phase |
| Cold can __ microbial growth. | slow |
| A symbiotic relationship where both members benefit is called ? | mutualism |
| A symbiotic relationship where one member benefits, but the other is not harmed, is called ? | commensalism |
| A symbiotic relationship where one member is dependent on another and usually harms the other (or the host) is called ? | parasitism |
| A symbiotic relationship where neither member benefits or is harmed is called ? | neutralism |
| A NONsymbiotic relationship where both members cooperate and share nutrients is called ? | synergism |
| A NONsymbiotic relationship where some members are inhibited or destroyed by others is called ? | antagonism |
| Fastidious organisms have special __ requirements. | nutritional |
| Photoautotrophs use __ for energy to synthesize nutrients. | sunlight |
| Chemoautotrophs use __ __ __ for energy to make nutrients. | simple inorganic chemicals |
| Heterotrophs are organisms that take in __ __ from other sources. | organic chemicals |
| Chemoheterotrophs are organisms that get __ obtained from other sources. | nutrients |
| Saprobes (also called saprophiles) are organisms that metabolize the organic matter of ? | dead organisms |
| Photoheterotrophs are organisms that make energy from light but get their carbons from ? | organic substances |
| Nonselective media supports the growth of most __ organisms. | nonfastidious |
| Enriched media has extra __ to support cultures of microorganisms. | nutrients |
| Differential media demonstrates the differences between several __ of microorganisms. | populations |
| Selective media encourages some microorganisms to grow while __ others. | inhibiting |
| Obligate anaerobes require __% oxygen in the atmosphere to live. | 20% |
| Microaerophilic microbes need what range of oxygen in the atmosphere to survive? | 1-15% |
| Facultative anaerobes prefer anaeroebic (non oxygen) environments but can live in an atmosphere with as much as __ oxygen if needed. | 20% |
| Capnophilic organisms grows best in the presence of __ carbon dioxide. | 3-10% |
| Halophilic organisms prefer __ environments. | salty |
| Haloduric organisms can withstand this in their environment, but grow better without it. | salt |
| Barophiles or piezophiles prefer environments with high __ __. | barometric pressure |
| On the growth curve, bacteria start out during the __ phase as they acclimate to their environment. | lag |
| On the growth curve, bacteria enter the __ phase as they begin to multiply exponentially. | log or logarithmic growth phase |
| On the growth curve, bacterial growth begins to level off during the __ phase. | stationary |
| On the growth curve, waste buildup and depletion of nutrients causes bacteria populations to enter the __ phase. | death |
| Whales and barnacles are examples of what kind of symbiotic relationship? | commensalism |
| When a wasp lays its eggs in a caterpillar, which will lead to the caterpillar's death, this is an example of what kind of relationship? | parasitic |
| Mushrooms are saprophites that break down dead things. Their relationship with some kinds of plants is ? | synergistic |
| When some members of a relationship are inhibited or destroyed by others, this is a nonsymbiotic relationship called ? | antagonism |
| What sort of relationship exists between humans and the demodex mites that live in our hair follicles? | commensalism |
| Antibiotics formed in a petri dish by microbes that are competing with other microbes for nutrients are an example of what kind of relationship? | antagonistic |
| Sterilization is a process where all viable microbes and endospores are ? | destroyed |
| Disinfection is a process where only __ microbes are removed from nonliving surfaces. Endospores could remain. | pathogenic |
| Antisepsis is the chemical removal of pathogenic microbes from __ __. | living tissues |
| When microbes, toxins, and debris are reduced to a level deemed safe for public health, this is known as ? | sanitation |
| If it ends in -cidal, it does what to microbes? | kills |
| If it ends in -static, it does what to microbes? | inhibits growth |
| What procedure have we performed in hematology and immunology that uses several techniques to protect the patient and us from infection? | blood draw |
| Sterilization, disinfection, antisepsis, and sanitization are all techniques used in ? | decontamination |
| A bacteriostatic agent only __ bacterial growth without killing the bacteria. | inhibits |
| Refrigeration and food dyes are __ ways of inhibiting bacertial growth. | bacteriostatic |
| A technique that removes all pathogens from an object or area is called ? | aseptic |
| Surgical asepsis removes __ microbes. | all |
| Medical asepsis is designed to exclude microbes associated with __ disease. | communicable |
| What are 6 examples of things that help provide an aseptic environment in hospitals? | 1. air filtration 2. UV lights 3. masks 4. gloves 5. gowns/lab coats 6. instrument sterilization |
| The absence of all pathogens from a place or object is called ? | asepsis |
| The removal of transient microbes from the skin by mechanical or antiseptic means is called ? | degerming |
| The reduction of pathogens on eating utensils to levels safe for the general public is called ? | sanitization |
| Physical means of microbial controls include what 3 things? | 1. temperature 2. radiation 3. drying |
| Chemical means of inhibiting microbial growth include what 3 states of matter? | 1. gases 2. liquids 3. solids |
| The number of microbes that need to be removed from an object is called ? | bioburden |
| The effectiveness of control agents can be measured by what 7 factors? | 1. bioburden 2. time 3. temp 4. pH 5. concentration, dosage, or intensity 6. mode of action 6. interfering substances (organic matter, solvents, inhibitors) |
| Many disinfectants work better in __ temperatures. | warm |
| Disinfectants and antiseptics tend to have a greater effect on gram __ bacteria. | positive |
| Pseudomonas is highly __ to chemical activity. | resistant |
| A slimy, complex community of microbes that help each other to live and form in catheters is called ? | biofilm |
| Some members of biofilms secrete __ that protect the entire collective from chemicals. | enzymes |
| Microbes are harder to kill when they are __, though their growth will be inhibited in this state. | dormant |
| Some disinfectants works best at an __ pH. | acidic or low |
| Pseudomonas is so resistant to chemicals, it will actually __ in some disinfectants and antiseptics. | grow |
| __ __ in vomit and feces can affect which disinfectant is used to clean them. | Organic matter |
| You refrigerator should be below what temperature? | 40F |
| Microbes that have formed __ are usually more resistant than vegetative cells. | endospores |
| Clostridium botulinum spores can withstand __ for several hours. | boiling |
| Don't forget to __ bacterial names if asked on a test. | underline |
| Name 4 conditions that have to be considered when deciding which microbial control chemical to use. | 1. Temperature 2. Types of microbes 3. Physiological state of the microbe 4. Environment |
| Inhibitors can __ pathogens from binding with healthy cells. | block or prevent |
| __ mins in an autoclave will kill most things. | 15 |
| The time it takes at a set temperature to kill an organism is its __ __. | death time |
| The lowest temperature needed to kill a microbe in 10 mins is its __ __. | death point |
| Boiling __ kills most fungi, bacteria, and viruses in 10 mins. | water |
| What are the 4 modes of action? | 1. Target cell wall 2. Target cell membrane 3. Protein/nucleic acid synthesis 4. Protein function |
| Boiling water will not kill __. | endospores |
| What can slow microbial growth without killing the microbes? | cold |
| Pasteurization does not work on __. | solids |
| Death point is the __ required to kill a microbe in 10 mins. | temperature |
| Death time is the time it takes to kill a microbe at a __ __. | set temperature |
| A bacti incinerator and a dry oven are both forms of __ that can kill microbes. | dry heat |
| Steam under __ is a form of moist heat that can kill microbes. | pressure |
| Beside steam under pressure, what kind of steam can kill microbes? | nonpressurized steam |
| Gamma rays, X-rays, and high speed electrons are all types of __ radiation that can kill things. | ionizing |
| What are 3 effects of exposure to ionizing radiation? | 1. DNA mutations 2. chemical changes 3. toxic substances produced |
| Ultraviolet light is a form of __ radiation that can kill things. | nonionizing |
| You don't want too much __ exposure to UV light. | direct |
| The effectiveness of mechanical filtration techniques is dependent on __ __. | pore size |
| The smaller the pore, the __ the filtration. | better |
| Some disinfectants need to leave a __ to work. | residue |
| What 2 things impact the effectiveness of disinfectants? | 1. contact time 2. penetration |
| What 7 things must be considered when choosing a chemical agent of control? | 1. inexpensive 2. simple directions 3. stable for storage 4. penetration 5. control in reasonable time & concentration 6. nontoxic, noncorrosive, nonoffensive 7. water or alcohol soluble/easy to apply |
| How do chlorine and iodine control or kill microbes? | alter protein structure |
| What are the 3 ways that phenolics control or kill microbes? | 1. disrupt cell membranes/wall 2. precipitate proteins 3. inactivate enzymes |
| How does chlorhexidine control or kill microbes? | it targets membranes/protein structure |
| How do 50%-95% alcohol solutions kill or control microbes? | dissolve membrane lipids and denature/coagulate proteins |
| What mixture of alcohol is ideal for use as an antiseptic? | 70% |
| What mixture of alcohol is ideal for use as a disinfectant? | 50% |
| Hydrogen peroxide is __ to microbes. | toxic |
| What kind of chemical agent links to nucleic acids and disrupts enzyme activity? | aldehydes |
| Detergents do what to microbes? | disrupt membranes |
| Soaps __ the bacteria. | remove |
| How do heavy metal compounds affect microbes? | inactivate proteins used by enzymes |
| Iodines are __ that alter the protein structure of microbes. | halogens |
| Iodine is available in what 2 forms? | tincture (in alcohol) or iodophor |
| If someone has an allergy to fish, they may be allergic to ? | iodine |
| What are the 3 chlorine compounds? | 1. calcium hypochlorite 2. sodium hypochorite 3. chloramines |
| Which is the strongest of the 3 chlorine compounds? | Calcium hypochlorite |
| Which of the 3 chlorine compounds is used as a household disinfectant? | Sodium hypochorite |
| What do you call chlorine and ammonia combined? | chloramines |
| What do you call the measure of a disinfectant's effectiveness? | phenol coefficient |
| What is the main ingredient in Lysol? | O-phenylphenol |
| Alchohols kill bacteria and fungi, but not __ or non-enveloped __. | endospores, viruses |
| Alcohol is great for skin surfaces, but is not ideal for treating ? | wounds |
| Alcohol causes coagulation of a layer of protein under which bacteria can ? | grow |
| Hydrogen peroxide is better for cleaning __ __ than open wounds. | inanimate objects |
| A chemical agent that decreases surface tension among molecules of a liquid is called a ? | surfactant |
| Name 2 kinds of surfactants. | 1. soap 2. detergent |
| Deodorant soaps contain __. | triclocarban |
| Triclocarban strongly inhibits gram __ bacteria. | positive |
| QUATS refers to ? | quaternary ammonium compounds |
| QUATS kill everything except ? | endospores and tuberculosis bacteria |
| Surfaces must be __ before QUATS can be effective. | clean |
| Name 4 metals that are germicidal or antiseptic. | 1. silver 2. mercury 3. copper 4. zinc |
| Zinc __ is a common ingredient in mouth washes. | chloride |
| Formaldehyde, or formalin, belongs to a class of antimicrobial chemical agents known as ? | aldehydes |
| Gluteraldehyde is bacterialcidal and virucidal within __ mins of exposure. | 10 |
| Gluteraldehyde is sporicidal within how long? | 3 to 10 hours |
| What chemical is used to sterilize closed gas chambers? | ethylene oxide |
| Ethylene oxides works by __ proteins. | denaturing |
| Ethylene oxide is a gaseous chemosterilizer that __ all microbes and endospores. | kills |
| Name 2 acids that are used as preservatives that can control mold growth. | 1. sorbic acid 2. benzoic acid |
| Benzoic acids are effective at a __ pH. | low |
| Parabens are derivatives from benzoic acids that work at a __ pH. | neutral |
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