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Bio chapter 5-6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cells control their chemical environment using | Energy,Enzymes, and The plasma membrane |
| Cell-based nanotechnology may be used to | power microscopic robots. |
| the capacity to perform work is | Energy |
| energy of motion is | Kinetic energy |
| stored energy is | Potential energy |
| _____and _______ can transform kinetic energy to potential energy and vice versa | Machines and organisms |
| the principle of _________ is the energy cannot be created or destroyed | conservation of energy |
| is a measure of disorder, or randomness | entropy |
| this is a Type of kinetic energy and Product of all energy conversions | Heat |
| Every energy conversion releases some randomized energy in the form of | Heat |
| store varying amounts of potential energy in the arrangement of their atoms | Molecules |
| Organic compounds are relatively rich in | chemical energy |
| __________ and ___________ engines use the same basic process to make chemical energy do work | Living cells and automobile |
| is the energy-releasing chemical breakdown of fuel molecules that provides energy for cells to do work | Cellular respiration |
| _____ convert about 40% of the energy in food to useful work, such as the contraction of muscles | Humans |
| is the amount of energy that raises the temperature of one gram of water by 1 degree Celsius | A calorie |
| are kilocalories, equal to 1,000 calories | Food Calories |
| is Released by the breakdown of organic molecules during cellular respiration and used to generate molecules of ATP | Chemical energy |
| what Acts like an energy shuttle, Stores energy obtained from food and Releases it later as needed | ATP |
| what does ATP stand for | adenosine triphosphate |
| what is ATP broken down to | ADP and a phosphate group, releasing energy |
| What is ATP consists of | adenosine plus a tail of three phosphate groups |
| ATP is recycled from ADP and a phosphate group through | cellular respiration |
| A working muscle cell spends and recycles about 10 million | ATP molecules per second |
| is the total of all chemical reactions in an organism | Metabolism |
| Most metabolic reactions require the assistance of ______proteins that speed up chemical reactions | enzymes |
| what activates the reactants and triggers a chemical reaction. A series of molecular changes that converts a signal received on a target cell's surface to a specific response inside the cell. | Activation energy |
| ______ lower the activation energy for chemical reactions | Enzymes |
| EA specific substance (reactant) on which an enzyme acts. Each enzyme recognizes only the specific _______ of the reaction it catalyzes | substrate |
| what is a substrate | a specific reactant molecule |
| The _________ fits to the substrate, and the enzyme changes shape slightly. This interaction is called _______ | 1)active site 2)induced fit |
| ______ can prevent metabolic reactions by binding to the active site. | Enzyme inhibitors |
| Some products of a reaction may inhibit the enzyme required for its production this is called | feedback regulation |
| feedback regulation prevents the cell from | wasting resources |
| Many antibiotics work by _______ of disease-causing bacteria. | inhibiting enzymes |
| What is distinction between autotrophs and heterotrophs? | Only autotrophs can live on nutrients that are entirely inorganic |
| Cells can harvest the most chemical energy from which of the following? | a glucose molecule |
| Sports physiologists at an Olympic training center want to monitor athletes to determine at what point their muscles are functioning anaerobically. They can do this by checking for a buildup of | lactic acid |
| Containing or requiring molecular oxygen (O2). | aerobic |
| Lacking or not requiring molecular oxygen (O2). | anaerobic |
| A protein cluster, found in a cellular membrane, that uses the energy of a hydrogen ion concentration gradient to make ATP from ADP | ATP synthase |
| What provides a port through which hydrogen ions (H1) diffuse. | ATP synthase |
| An organism that makes its own food from inorganic ingredients, thereby sustaining itself without eating other organisms or their molecules | Autotroph |
| The aerobic harvesting of energy from food molecules; the energy-releasing chemical breakdown of food molecules | cellular respiration |
| The metabolic cycle that is fueled by acetyl CoA formed after glycolysis in cellular respiration. | citric acid cycle |
| An organism that obtains its food by eating plants or by eating animals that have eaten plants. | Consumer |
| A subatomic particle with a single unit of negative electrical charge. One or more electrons move around the nucleus of an atom. | electron |
| A redox (oxidation-reduction) reaction in which one or more electrons are transferred to carrier molecules | electron transport |
| A series of electron carrier molecules that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP; | electron transport chain |
| The anaerobic harvest of food by some cells. | fermentation |
| The multistep chemical breakdown of a molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid; the first stage of cellular respiration in all organisms; occurs in the cytoplasmic fluid. | glycolysis |
| An organism that cannot make its own organic food molecules from inorganic ingredients and must obtain them by consuming other organisms or their organic products; a consumer or a decomposer in a food chain. | Heterotroph |
| the anaerobic harvest of food by some cells | Fermentation |
| The gain of electrons by a substance involved in a redox reaction; always accompanies oxidation | reduction |
| An electron carrier (a molecule that carries electrons) involved in cellular respiration and photosynthesis. | NADH |
| what carries electrons from glucose and other fuel molecules and deposits them at the top of an electron transport chain | NADH |
| NADH is generated during _______ and ________. | glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. |
| The loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction; always accompanies reduction. | oxidation |
| The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. | osmosis |
| The interaction between a substrate molecule and the active site of an enzyme, which changes shape slightly to embrace the substrate and catalyze the reaction. | induced fit |
| a type of endocytosis whereby a cell engulfs large molecules, other cells, or particles into its cytoplasm. | phagocytosis |
| The movement of materials from the external environment into the cytoplasm of a cell via vesicles or vacuoles | endocytosis |
| Everything inside a eukaryotic cell between the plasma membrane and the nucleus; consists of a semifluid medium and organelles; can also refer to the interior of a prokaryotic cell. | cytoplasm |
| In comparing two solutions, referring to the one with the greater concentration of solutes. | hypertonic |
| In comparing two solutions, referring to the one with the lower concentration of solutes. | hypotonic |
| The control of the gain or loss of water and dissolved solutes in an organism. | osmoregulation |
| The spontaneous movement of particles of any kind down a concentration gradient; that is, movement of particles from where they are more concentrated to where they are less concentrated. | diffusion |
| The diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane without any input of energy. | passive transport |
| A substance that is dissolved in a liquid (which is called the solvent) to form a solution. | solute |
| Having the same solute concentration as another solution. | isotonic |
| The part of an enzyme molecule where a substrate molecule attaches (by means of weak chemical bonds); typically, a pocket or groove on the enzyme's surface. | active site |
| A surface in or on which an organism lives. | substrate |
| A series of molecular changes that converts a signal received on a target cell's surface to a specific response inside the cell. | signal transduction pathway |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of all living organisms? 1)energy utilization 2)complex yet organized 3)composed of multiple cells 4)capable of self-reproduction | composed of multiple cells |
| Which of the following best describes the logic of the scientific method? 1)If my prediction is correct, it will lead to a testable hypothesis. 2)If my hypothesis is correct, I can expect certain test results. | If my hypothesis is correct, I can expect certain test results. |
| Which of the following statements best distinguishes hypotheses from theories in science? 1)Theories are hypotheses that have been proved. 2)Hypotheses usually are narrow in scope; theories have broad explanatory power | Hypotheses usually are narrow in scope; theories have broad explanatory power |
| Animals depend on plants to convert solar energy to: | Chemical energy of sugars Other molecules we consume as food |
| Uses light energy from the sun to power a chemical process that makes organic molecules. | Photosynthesis: |
| Autotrophs are _______ because ecosystems depend upon them for food | producer |
| Heterotrophs are ______ because they eat plants or other animals. | consumers |
| The ingredients for photosynthesis are _____ and _______ | carbon dioxide and water. |
| CO2 is obtained from | the air by a plant’s leaves. |
| H2O is obtained from | he damp soil by a plant’s roots. |
| Plant and animal cells perform cellular respiration, a chemical process that: | Primarily occurs in mitochondria Harvests energy stored in organic molecules Uses oxygen Generates ATP |
| The waste products of cellular respiration are: | CO2 and H2O Used in photosynthesis |
| true or false only animals perform only cellular respiration. | False- Plants perform Photosynthesis and cellular respiration |
| Cellular respiration is: | The main way that chemical energy is harvested from food and converted to ATP |
| A common fuel molecule for cellular respiration is | glucose. |
| How many ATP can cellular respiration produce for each glucose molecule consumed? | 38 |
| True or false During cellular respiration, hydrogen and its bonding electrons change partners. | True |
| During cellular respiration Hydrogen and its electrons go from | sugar to oxygen, forming water. |
| Why does electron transfer to oxygen release energy? | When electrons move from glucose to oxygen, it is as though the electrons were falling. This “fall” of electrons releases energy during cellular respiration. |
| true or false Cellular respiration: Is an example of a metabolic pathway, which is a series of chemical reactions in cells | True |
| All of the reactions involved in cellular respiration can be grouped into three main stages: | Glycolysis The citric acid cycle Electron transport |
| Cyanide is a deadly poison that: | Binds to one of the protein complexes in the electron transport chain Prevents the passage of electrons to oxygen Stops the production of ATP |
| In addition to glucose, cellular respiration can “burn”: | Diverse types of carbohydrates Fats Proteins |
| Yeast are a type of microscopic fungus that: | Use a different type of fermentation Produce CO2 and ethyl alcohol instead of lactic acid |
| This type of fermentation, called alcoholic fermentation, is used to produce: | Beer Wine Breads |
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Hvelez
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