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Communications 105
Business Communications Ch 4-5 exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| hearing | the physiological process of decoding sounds |
| listening | the process of receiving, constructing meaning from, and responding to verbal and nonverbal messages |
| select | to focus on one sound among all the sounds competing for attention |
| attend | to focus on a specific message |
| understand | to assign meaning to the verbal and nonverbal messages recieved |
| remember | to recall information from memory |
| respond | to let another person know whether you understood a message or to validate the other person |
| information overload | the inability to effectively process information because there is too much of it |
| social decentering | the process of stepping away from your own thoughts and attempting to experience the feelings of another person |
| whole-part learning style | the style of a learner who prefers learning the big picture first, then the details. |
| part-whole learning style | the style of a learner who prefers learning details first, before the big picture |
| elaboration strategies | mental processing strategies that give information new meaning by organizing the information |
| paraphrasing | restating in your own words what you think another person is saying |
| schema | a mental representation of knowledge |
| repeating | restating information using the same words in the same order |
| reiterating | restating information using different words |
| mnemonic device | a short rhyme, phrase, or other mental technique that makes information easier to memorize |
| communibiological perspective | an interdisciplinary approach to the study of human communication that makes connections between the fields of neurology, psychology, and communication |
| culture | a learned systems of knowledge, behavior, attitudes, beliefs, values, and norms that is shared by a group of people. |
| personality trait | any distinguishable, relatively enduring way in which one individual differs from another |
| communication trait | a label used to describe a person's communication behaviors |
| willingness to communicate (WTC) | an individual's natural tendency to initiate communication with others |
| communication apprehension (CA) | fear or anxiety associated with ongoing or anticipated communication with another person or persons. |
| argumentativeness | a tendency to advocate strongly for one's own position on an issue and criticize the positions of other people |
| feed-forward messages | messages that inform others of how to process information from you |
| devil's advocate | someone who criticizes or opposes something in order to provoke a discussion or an argument |
| cultural context | the nonverbal cues related to culture that surround and give meaning to messages |
| high-context cultures | cultures in which nonverbal cues are extremely important in interpreting messages |
| low-context cultures | cultures in which people rely more on explicit language and words and use fewer contextual cue to send and interpret information. |
| message directness | an indication of the extent to which a message expresses details clearly and leaves no doubt as to the intended meaning. |
| time orientation | how members of a culture structure, organize, and use time. |
| polychronic cultures | cultures in which human relations and interactions are valued over arbitrary schedules or appointments |
| monochronic cultures | cultures that stress a high degree of scheduling, concentration on one thing at a time, and promptness |
| individualistic cultures | cultures whose members value individual interests over group interests. |
| collectivistic cultures | cultures whose members value group or community interests over individual interests |
| decentralized power cultures | cultures in which people value a broad distribution of power; the power belongs to the people, or the many, not to one person or group |
| centralized power cultures | cultures that value a more concentrated or narrow distribution of power; power is held by one person or a select few |
| uncertainty avoidance | a measure of how accepting a culture is of a lack of predictability |
| masculine cultures | cultures in which people have a task orientation and tend to value achievement, heroism, material wealth, and more traditional roles for men and women. |
| feminine cultures | cultures in which people have more of a social orientation and tend to value caring, sensitivity, and enhancing quality of life. |
| sex | biological characteristics present from birth that identify an individual as male or female |
| gender | the cultural and psychological characteristics that are associated with biological sex. |
| content dimension | the communication dimension that focuses on what is said; the verbal message |
| relational dimension | the communication dimension that focuses on how a message is said; the nonverbal message |
| powerful language | language that is sterotypically masculine: direct, assertive, task-oriented, and focused more on the content of a message. |
| powerless language | language that is sterotypically feminine: indirect and focused more on the quality of a relationship that on the information being exchanged. |
| conversational rituals | learned, routine scripts that people use when talking and responding to others. |
| rapport talk | talk focused on sharing information about relationships |
| report talk | talk focused on sharing practical or statistical information |
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