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Immunology1 Rev1T
Immunology 1 practice for test 1, after review (Ch1&2)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is immunology? | The study of the reaction when the host encounters a foreign substance. |
| What is an antigen? | The foreign substance that causes the immune response. It can refer to a pathogen or a part of the pathogen that binds to an antibody. |
| What is immunity? | The discrimination between self and non-self and the defense of self. |
| What is the immune system? | A system of processes and structures that protect the host organism from disease. |
| What are the 2 basic immune systems in the body? | Innate (or natural) and Acquired (or adaptive) |
| Which immune system is the first line of defense against infection? | Innate |
| Which immune system fights specific pathogens? | Acquired |
| Cells that can attack one pathogen cannot attack another. This describes which immune system? | Acquired |
| Which immune system uses the same strategy against any invader? (It's nonspecific.) | Innate |
| Which immune system is large in scope and therefore able to attack infections that don't exist yet? | Acquired |
| Which immune system can discriminate and has memory? | Acquired |
| Aside from infectious agents like bacteria, name 2 other kinds of antigens. | 1. environmental substances 2. synthetic structures |
| Name 5 structural barriers against pathogens that are part of the innate immune system. | 1. skin 2. mucus and cilia 3. ear wax 4. cough reflex 5. sneezing |
| The pH of what 3 things serve as an obstruction to pathogens? | 1. sweat 2. stomach acid 3. vagina |
| What is the name of the antibacterial enzyme in the skin, stomach, and tears that prevents infections? | Lysozyme |
| What are 3 cells that work for the innate immune system? | 1. Granulocytes (eos, basos, neutrophils) 2. monocytes 3. some lymphocytes (NK cells and LAK cells) |
| Name 3 cells of the innate immune system that can be found in body tissues. | 1. macrophages 2. mast cells 3. dendritic cells |
| What are the 3 basic steps of phagocytosis? | 1. Recognition 2. Ingestion 3. Digestion |
| What is chemotaxis? | The movement of a microorganism or cell in response to a chemical stimulus. It can be toward something or away from something. |
| What is an opsonin? | A constituent of blood serum, like an antibody or complement, that makes pathogens easier to destroy. |
| What is the name of a WBC that looks like a basophil but comes from a different cell line? | Mast cell |
| Mast cells have a primary role in __ and __ reactions. | allergic and antiparasitic |
| What surface immunoglobulin do mast cells express? | IgE |
| Remember that IgE plays a part in __ reactions. | allergic |
| Mast cells have granules of __ and __. | histamine and heparin |
| Where can mast cells usually be found in the body? | Tissues, connective tissues, and near mucosal surfaces |
| Monocytes are called __ once they enter the body tissues. | macrophages |
| Macrophages in the liver are called ? | Kupfer cells |
| Macrophages in neural tissues are called ? | microglial cells |
| Macrophages in connective tissues are called ? | histiocytes |
| Macrophages in bones are called ? | osteoclasts |
| Macrophages in the kidneys are called ? | mesanglial cells |
| What are macrophages in the lungs called? | Alveolar macrophages/dust cells |
| Macrophages in a plaque of atherosclerosis are called ? | foam cells |
| Macrophages are important in __ presentation. | antigen |
| These WBCs look like monocytes and can be found in the blood in their immature state. | dendritic cells |
| When dendritic cells are in the tissues, what state are they in? | mature |
| Unlike most lymphocytic cells, natural killer cells are not __ specific. | antigen (they work for the innate immune system) |
| What kind of cells do natural killer cells destroy in our bodies? | tumor cells and virally infected cells |
| What 2 kinds of infection can NK cells respond to? | bacterial and protozoan |
| What can NK cells turn into that makes them more efficient killers? | LAK cells (Lymphokine Activated Killer Cells) |
| What does PRR stand for? | Pattern recognition receptors |
| PRRs recognize what part of a pathogen? | PAMPs |
| Cells of the __ immune system use PRRs to identify infectious agenst with PAMPs. | innate |
| PRRs can be found on a WBC's surface or its __. | insides |
| Name 2 examples of acute phase reactants. | C-reactive proteins, haptoglobin, fibrinogen, glycoprotein, etc.. |
| 2 major families of antimicrobial peptides (which happen to be acute phase reactants) are ? | defensins and cathelicidins |
| Acute phase reactants are produced by __ and __. | epithelial cells and phagocytes |
| What stimulates production of acute phase reactants? | cytokines |
| C-reactive protein is an opsonin that activates ? | complement |
| What are the 3 pathways of complement activation? | 1. classical 2. alternative 3. lectin |
| What kind of B cell produces antibodies? | Plasma cells |
| Aside from plasma cells, what other kind of cell can a B cell turn into? | Memory cells |
| What are the 3 basic processes of the innate immune system? | 1. inflammation 2. chemotaxis 3. phagocytosis |
| Name the 2 primary lymphoid organs. | Bone marrow, thymus |
| What are the 2 arms of the acquired immune system? | Humoral and cellular |
| The humoral arm of the acquired immune system offers __ mediated immunity. | antibody |
| The cellular arm of the acquired immune system offers __ mediated immunity. | T cell |
| What is the difference between antibodies, immunoglobulins, and gammaglobulins? | nothing |
| What allows T cells to recognize an antigen? | T cell receptor |
| How do B cells recognize an antigen? | Antibodies |
| On a chart that shows albumin, alpha 1, alpha 2, beta, and gamma, which part are the antibodies shown under? | gamma (they're gammaglobulins) |
| Name the 5 types of antibody molecules. | IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD (MADGE or GAMED) |
| Which part of the antibody molecule determines which type of antibody it is? | Constant region |
| Which general part of the antibody has the paratope that binds to an antigen's epitope? | Variable or Fab |
| What are the 3 kinds of cells that serve as part of the cellular arm of the acquired immune system? | Helper T cells, Cytotoxic T cells, Regulatory cells |
| Where do antigen presenting cells go to match antigens with lymphocytes? | secondary lymphoid organs |
| The spleen, tonsils, and lymph nodes are 3 examples of __ lymphoid organs. | secondary |
| What process uses fluorescently labeled antibodies to CD markers and analyzed WBCs? | Flow cytometry |
| The heavy and light chains of an antibody are bound by what kind of bond? | disulfide |
| Where does papain cleave an antibody? | Above the disulfide bond in the constant region of the heavy chain. |
| Where does pepsin cleave an antibody? | Below the disulfide bond in the constant region of the heavy chain. |
| What do you call the part of an antibody that binds to a epitope? (It's on the variable/Fab region.) | paratope |
| What kind of bond does an antibody make with an epitope? | noncovalent |
| With regard to antibody binding, what is the sum of the ATTRACTIVE interaction between the paratope and the epitope? | Affinity (attractive=affinity) |
| With regard to antibody binding, what is the sum of the BINDING of all the paratopes and the epitopes? | Avidity (binding=avidity) |
| The light chains can be found on the __ side of the antibody. | outer |
| Can IgG bind complement? | Yes |
| Which antibody can be passed from mother to fetus through the placenta? | IgG |
| Which kind of antibody consists of dimers held together by a J chain? | IgA, IgM |
| Which is the first antibody produced? | IgM |
| Which is the largest antibody? | IgM |
| Which antibody is a pentamer that allows for high avidity? | IgM |
| Which antibody can be found on a mature B cell? | IgD (also IgM) |
| Which antibody is involved in antiparasitic and allergic reactions? | IgE |
| Which of the 5 antibody types are opsonic? | IgG, IgA, IgM |
| Which antibody is the most abundant, making up 80% of the antibodies found in blood serum? | IgG |
| Which is the busiest antibody? (It does the most things.) | IgG |
| Which antibody neutralizes toxins and viruses? | IgG |
| Which antibody is the smallest? | IgG |
| Which antibody lives the longest (10 years)? | IgG |
| Which antibody has the second highest concentration in the serum? | IgA |
| Which antibody is seen in secretions? | IgA |
| Which antibody is called a macroglobulin? | IgM |
| IgM antibodies have low __ but high __. | low affinity but high avidity |
| Which antibodies can be found ont the surface of mature B cells? | IgM, IgD |
| Which antibody exists in lowest concentration of them all? | IgE |
| Which antibody is responsible for hypersensitivity? | IgE |
| Light chains found in cases of multiple-myeloma are called __-__ proteins. | Bence-Jones |
| What theory proposes how the huge and diverse antibody repertoire could exist? | Clonal selection theory |
| Clonal selection theory: when lymphocytes interact with antigens, they proliferate and make a __ of cells that respond only to that antigen. | clone |
| During your first exposure to an antigen, which antibody will rise? | IgM |
| During you 2nd exposure to an antigen, which antibody will rise most? | IgG |
| Monoclonal antibodies are produced by a clone of cells called __ cells. | hybridoma |
| Monoclonal antibodies contain what 2 cells types? | spleen cell and myeloma cell |
| Which antibody can be found on the surface of immature B cells? | IgM (IgD is found on the surface of mature B cells.) |
Created by:
IsaacJ
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