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BMS 300- Unit 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| shell of hydration | water surrounds ions (oriented towards opposite charge) |
| diffusion | spreading of ions (through specific ion channels) until equilibrium between two spaces is established |
| phospholipids are.... | modified triglycerides that are amphipathic |
| relative thickness of a bilayer and cell | paper around a watermelon |
| how many amino acids per turn in an alpha helix | 4 |
| how many steps per circle on an alpha helix | 3.6 |
| tertiary structure is defined by | R group orientation |
| do beta sheets create channels? | not in eukaryotes |
| Nucleolus | more available DNA |
| ER function | synthesizes lipids, synthesizes a subset of proteins |
| RER creates what types of proteins | secreted, transmembrane, lysosomal |
| the process of attaching sugars to proteins | glycosylation (in the ER) |
| free ribosomes make what kinds of proteins | cytoplasmic proteins only |
| what does the golgi apparatus do? | (golgi "stacks") sugar modification; shape modifications |
| what molecules in the golgi are responsible for changes in shape? | chaperonins |
| sugars always face | away from the cytoplasm (lumen of organelles or outside of cell) |
| the lysosome contains | acids and proteolytic enzymes; H+ pump (active transport into cell) |
| mitochondria background | prokaryotic cell taken up, then kept because of ATP production **mtDNA comes only from the mother; CIRCULAR DNA |
| mitochondria function | oxidative phosphorylation; uses oxygen to generate ATP |
| three proteins that make up the cytoskeleton | microtubules; actin filaments (G/F); intermediate filaments |
| kinesin | + end directed motor protein |
| dyenin | - end directed motor protein |
| cortex | near outside of cell; vesicles transported via cortical actin (rather than microtubules) |
| clathrins | endocytosis of vesicles; forms hexagons and endocytoses the vesicle- then goes to actin, then microtubules |
| why does helix form in DNA but not RNA | de-oxy at carbon 2 in DNA (less bulky) |
| nucleotides with lower BP | A/T (or U) |
| nucleotides with higher BP | G/C |
| pyramidines | C, U, T |
| purines | A, G |
| helicase | unwinds DNA and breaks H bonds |
| DNA polymerase | forms phosphodiester bonds and reads 3'-5' (creates bonds 5'-3') |
| Difference between uracil and thymine (molecularly) | Me group missing from Uracil |
| RNA can act as an | enzyme because of 3-d structure |
| tRNA | shuttle craft for amino acids |
| rRNA | makes up the ribosome (forms peptide bonds) |
| mRNA | carries information about the amino acid sequences for proteins |
| ribosomes read | 5'-3' |
| RNA polymerase reads | 3'-5' |
| signal peptide | 17-20 hydrophobic amino acids (that will bind to a signal recognition particle) |
| translocon is like what when protein is hydrophilic | tube |
| translocon is like what when protein is hydrophobic | clam shell |
| simple epithelia | one layer |
| statified epithelia | >1 layer |
| connective tissue | scattered cells embedded in an extracellular protein matrix |
| four types of tissues | epithelial, connective, nervous, muscle |
| desmosome | connects epithelial cells to neighbors |
| hemidesmosome | connects epithelial cells to basal lamina |
| occluding junctions | prevents molecules from getting to the basal lamina b/w cells (aka tight junctions) |
| gap junctions (and constituents) | communication junctions connexon: protein that spans the cell; made up of 6 connexins |
| types of cell junctions | gap (communication), occluding (tight), anchoring (desosomes) |
| two types of tissue in skin | epithelium= epidermis (keratinocytes) connective tissue proper= dermis (fibrocytes + proteins) |
| epithelium is never | vascularized |
| three types (layers) of epithelial tissue | statum corneum= dead; top stratum spinosum= spiny layer stratum basilar= basilar layer |
| hair and nails are | modified keratinocytes |
| hyaline cartilage | spongy b/c of negatively charged GAGs |
| fibrocartilage | "pad"- a lot of collagen |
| elastic cartilage | has elastin, stretchy (ears, epiglottis) |
| difference b/w osteocyte and osteoblast | blast= less mature bone cell |
| bone cells | osteocytes- secrete hydroxyapatite (calcium phosphate and some magnesium phosphate) |
| two types of bone | spongy, compact (trabecular and compact) |
| osteoclast | secretes acid and breaks hydroxyapatite into its ion constituents (ready source of Ca) |
| osteoporosis | when there are more osteoclasts than osteoblasts |
| three types of the endocrine system | autocrine, paracrine, endocrine |
| different types of endocrine receptors | high and low affinity |
| law of mass action | [H]+[R]<->[HR] |
| autocrine system | cell releases hormone, binds to receptor on the same cell |
| paracrine | cell releases hormone, binds to receptor on a nearby cell |
| endocrine | hormone released and acts far away (10E-12 -> 10E-10M) |
| all receptors saturated= | receptor saturation |
| after a hormone binds to a receptor... (4) | regulation of endo/exocytosis; regulation of ion channels; regulation of enzyme activity; regulation of transcription/translation |
| hydrophilic hormones | peptides/proteins, modified amino acids |
| hydrophobic hormones | modified cholesterol, modified fatty acids |
| phosphodiesterase | breaks phosphodiester bonds (cAMP- AMP) |
| steroid hormone acceptor | a protein transcription factor; binds to a TATA box, turns on the gene (4 constituents= hormone binding, nuclear binding, DNA binding, transactivation) |
| Hypothalamic pituitary axis | posterior and anterior pituitary |
| Where did the anterior pituitary come from? | Cells in pharynx- created a part that is NOT part of the brain |
| neuroendocrine cells | release vasopressin and oxytocin into the blood of the posterior pituitary |
| what is the posterior pituitary also known as? | neurohypophysis |
| what does oxytocin do? | binds to receptors in smooth muscle to cause contraction (uterine, mammary glands) |
| what does vasopressin do? | regulates water balance by binding to receptors in the kidney |
| 3 cell cascade | hypothalamus-> troph cell (in pituitary)-> target gland (& final location) |
| prolactin | exception to normal anterior pituitary (dopamine is the releasing hormone, when it stops, milk is released) |
| Addison's disease | hypocorisolism (higher release of stimulating and releasing hormones) |
| Cushing's disease | hypercortisolism (lower release of stimulating and releasing hormone) |
| releasing hormone | comes from hypothalamus and goes into troph cells in anterior pituitary |
| stimulating hormone | comes from troph cells in anterior pituitary and goes to target organ (where hormone is sent to final gland) |
| myosin '"walks" on.... | actin (short distances) |
| kinesin "walks" on... | microtubules (long distances) |
Created by:
melaniebeale
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