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Heme Lec 9
MLS Heme Lec 9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Main function of RBC | Carry oxygen to tissue and bring carbon dioxide back from tissue |
| Hemoglobin is responsible for | transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide |
| Mitochondria is responsible for | making ATP for energy use |
| ATP must remain viable for what time period | 120 days |
| If ATP is depleted what happens to the cell | becomes a shere and becomes rigid and unable to deform |
| What organ removes the shere shaped cell | spleen |
| What must be present when the nucleus is excluded | enzymes |
| Enzymes | produce ATP |
| When enzymes are depleted | cell will be removed from circulation by the spleen or hemoglobin will be oxidized |
| What happens when hemoglobin is oxidized | oxidized into methemoglobin and turns brown |
| ATP production is RBCs is done via | anaerobic glycolysis |
| Energy requirements of RBC | cation pump oxidation protection 1. membrane integrity 2. maintain iron in ferrous form |
| 4 pathways of energy | Emden-Meyerhof of glycolytic pathway Hexose Monophosphate Shunt or Phosphogluconate Methemoglobin Reductase Pathway Leubering-Rapaport Shunt or Pathway |
| Embden-Meyerhof Glycolytic Pathway | non-oxidative/anaerobic pathway provides 90% ATP |
| Hexose Monophosphate Shunt | AKA Phosphogluconate provides 5-10% of energy produces pyridine nucleotide NADPH from NADP |
| Which enzyme is utilized in Hexose-Monophosphate Shunt | G6PD |
| NAPH together with glutathione protects against | oxidative injury from toxic reducing oxidants |
| Reducing oxidents include | certain drugs or infections |
| Methemoglobin Reductase Pathway | 1. off-shoot of Embden-Meyerhof 2. maintains heme in ferrous state 3. methemoglobin reductase changes ferric to ferrous |
| Characteristics of Methemoglobin | 1. Cannot combine with oxygen 2. Cyanosis occurs in the patient 3. Bluish discoloration of the skin due to deoxyhemoglobin in the blood |
| Leubering-Rapaport Shunt/Pathway | 1. part of Emden-Meyerhof pathway & 1 ATP used 2. produces 2,3-DPG (diphosphoglycerate) |
| 2,3-DPG affects | 1. oxygen affinity of hemoglobin 2. when it binds oxygen is released 3. regulates oxygen delivery to tissues |
| Erythrocyte (RBC) Membrane requirments | 1. intact membrane is essential to roll and tumble through vessels 2. size is 6-8 microns 3. must squeeze through spleen capillaries 4. becomes microcyte |
| Membrane Description | semi-permeable lipid bilayer supported by protein mesh-like cytoskeleton |
| Membrane Composition | 52% protein 40% lipid 8% carbohydrate |
| Membrane controls | functions of transport, flexibility, & antigenic properties |
| Membrane defects cause | altered function leading to premature cell death |
| Lipid Matrix is made from | equal amounts of cholesterol and phospholipids interspersed with protein |
| Cholesterol is responsible for | passive transport of ions, gases, & active transport of cation |
| Cholesterol and Lecithin affect | surface area & creates target cells or acanthocytes developed and destroyed |
| Hydrophobic Phospholipids probably determine | membrane fluidity |
| Embedded glycolipids carry which RBC antigens | A,B,H, and Lewis red cell antigens |
| Proteins contribute to | cell shape, deformability, and membrane stability |
| Defects in protein lead to | 1. abnormal cell shape 2. decreased stability 3. hemolytic anemia |
| Integral Proteins | 1. located in the lipid bilayer 2. Glycophorins 3. band 3 protein |
| Peripheral Proteins | spectrin, actin, ankyrin, and troponyosin |
| Sialic acid | gives cells the negative charge |
| Carbohydrates | give ABO antigens |
| Peripheral Proteins are located where | cytoplasmic surface |
| Peripheral Proteins form | skeleton to maintain biconcave shape |
| Major Peripheral Protien | Spectrin |
| Spectrin binds what together | intirgral and peripheral protein |
| Function of RBC membrane | barrier between cell and plasma |
| What affects RBC membrane | hydrophobic lipids and integral proteins |
| What does the RBC membrane allows through | water and anions |
| Lack of deformability of RBC is caused by | decrease in ATP causes a phosphorylation of spectrin causing loss of deformability |
| Deformability allows RBCs to | roll and tumble |
| Any deviation in membrane's selective permeability causes | influx of sodium and water causing a spherhoid shape and potential rupture which releases Hbg |
| Erythrocytes must be impermeable to | cations |
| Intracellular to Extracellular Ratio | 1:12 for sodium 25:1 for potassium |
| What actively controls ion concentration | hundreds of pumps which require ATP |
| 80% of intracellular calcium is found in | erythrocyte membrane |
| Increased amounts of calcium cause | Echinocytes/Burr cells which are rigid shrunken cells with membrane protrusions |
| Cell aging and reduced ATP causes | pumps fail which makes the cell dehydrated and rigid |
| Blood group antigens are located on | oligosaccharide groups of the integral protein |
| Sialic acid is found on | the surface of glycophorin A |
| Zeta Potential | negative charge tht causes cells to repel each other |
Created by:
mlrlemons
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