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Rhetorical Devices C
Shit I need
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Sentential Adverb | Single word or short phrase, usually interrupting normal syntax, to lend emphasis to the words immediately proximate to the adverb. |
| Asyndeton | Omitting conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses. Gives the effect of a extemporaneous account. |
| Polysyndeton | Use of conjunction between each word. Adds feeling of multiplicity, energetic enumeration, and building up. |
| Understatement | Deliberately expresses an idea as less important, either for irony or politeness. Employs reader's own power of description. |
| Litotes | A form of understatement, generated by denying the opposite or contrary of the word which would otherwise be used. Either retains understatement effect or intensifies the expression. |
| Parallelism | Several parts of a sentence or sentences are expressed similarly to show an equal importance among them. Also adds balance and rhythm. |
| Chiasmus | Reverse Parallelism. Second part is paralleled by the first but in reverse order. i.e. A-B-B-A. |
| Zeugma | Grammatically correct linkage of two or more parts of speech by another part. e.g. One subject and 2+ verbs, one verb and 2+ objects, two subjects and 1 verb. Shows relationship clearly. |
| Antithesis | Establishes a clear, contrasting relationship between two ideas by joining them together or juxtaposing them, often paralleled. Creates definite relationship between ideas. |
| Anaphora | Repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, sentences. |
| Epistrophe | Forms counterpart to anaphora, repeats same word(s) at end of successive phrases. Stresses whatever's repeated. |
| Anadiplosis | Repeats last word of one phrase, clause, or sentence at beginning of next. Done for sake of beauty or logical progression. |
| Conduplicatio | Repeats key word instead of last word from preceding phrase, clause, or sentence. Serves as effective focusing device. |
| Epanalepsis | Repeats beginning word of clause or sentence at the end. Calls special attention to the word. |
| Hypophora | Raising one or more questions then proceeding to answer it. Seems natural and maintain curiosity. |
| Rhetorical question (erotesis) | Asks question because the answer is obvious and desired. Used for effect, emphasis, or provocation/drawing conclusionary statement from facts at hand. |
| Procatalepsis | Anticipates an objection and answers it. Permits argument to move forward while taking into account opposition and give rebuttal. |
| Metabasis | Brief statement of what has been said and what will follow. Aka linking, running, or transitional summary. Keeps discussion ordered and clear. |
| Distinctio | Explicit reference to particular meaning or meanings of words in order to remove ambiguity. |
| Amplification | Repeating a word or expression while adding more detail.Done to emphasize what may have been passed over. |
| Scesis Onomation | Emphasizes idea by expressing it in a string of generally synonymous phrases or statements. Can be emphatic if done correctly. |
| Apophasis (praeteritio, occupatio) | Asserts or emphasizes something by seeming to pass over, ignore, or deny it. Calls attention to sensitive or inflammatory statements while remaining detacched from them. |
| Metanoia (correctio) | Qualifies statement by recalling it and expressing it in a better, milder, stronger way. Used to expand reader's belief, tone down/qualify an excessive outburtst. |
| Aporia | Expresses doubt about an idea or conclusion. Suggests alternatives without making commitment to either or any. Ties off discussion that writer may not have time to pursue. |
| Simile | Comparison between two things using as or if. Used as both an artistic and explanatory device, comparing an unfamiliar to a familiar thing. |
| Analogy | Compares two things, alike in several aspects. Done to explain or clarify some unfamiliar or difficult idea by showing another object that is similar to some familiar one. |
| Metaphor | Compares two different things by speaking of one int erms of other. Asserts that one thing is another thing. Gives clearness, charm, and distinction to style. Touches reader's imagination. |
| Catachresis | Extravagant, implied metaphor using words in an alien way. |
| Synecdoche | Type of metaphor in which part stands for whole, whole for part, genus for species, etc. |
| Metonymy | Similar to synecdoche, the thing chosen for the metaphorical image is closely associated with but not part of the subject. Provides different imagery. |
| Personification | Metaphorically represents animal or inanimate object as having human attributes. Makes abstraction more clear and easier to understand. |
| Hyperbole | Counterpart of understatement, exaggerates conditions for emphasis or effect. Works to get attention out of reader. |
| Allusion | Short, informal reference to famous person or event. Introduces variety and energy into otherwise limited discussion, almost like an analogy. |
| Eponym | Substitutes particular attribute the name of a person associated with that. |
| Oxymoron | Paradox reduced to two words. Usually adj-n or adv-adj relationship. Used for effect, complexity, emphasis, or wit. Produces ironic contrast to show how author's view may be misunderstood or labeled. |
| Epithet | Adjective/adj phrase appropriately qualifying a subject by naming an important characteristic. e.g. l;aughing happiness, sneering contempt. Also works metaphorically and modifying nouns that the adj normally doesn't. Places emphasis on phrase with readers |
| Hyperbaton | Departure from normal word order. e.g. delayed epithet with adjective following noun in order to amplify the adjective. |
| Parenthesis | Word, phrase, or whole sentence inserted as aside. Makes reader momentarily think about the statement with a pronounced effect. |
| Alliteration | Recurrence of initial consonant sounds. Calls attention to phrase. |
| Onomatopoeia | Sound words. Produces lively sentence and adds flavoring to words. |
| Apostrophe | Interrupts discussion or discourse and addresses a person/personified thing. Give vent or display intense emotion. |
| Enthymeme | Informally stated syllogism omitting either premise or conclusion. Omitted part must be understood. Assumes that omission is a truism. |
| Climax | Arranging words, clauses, or sentences in order of increasing importance, weight, or emphasis. Works with parallelism. Adds sense of continuity, order, and movement up ladder of importance. |
| Diacope | Repetition of word/phrase after intervening word for emphasis. |
| Antimetabole | Reversing order of repeated words (ab-ba) to intensify final formulation, present alternatives, show contrast. |
| Antiphrasis | One word irony established by context. |
| Epizeuxis | Repetition of one word for emphasis. |
| Aposiopesis | Stopping abruptly and leaving a statement unfinished. |
| Anacoluthon | Finishing a sentence with a different grammatical structure from that with which it began. |
| Enumeratio | Detailing parts, causes, effects, or consequences to make point more forcibly. |
| Antanagoge | Placing good point or benefit next to a fault criticism to reduce impact of negative point. |
| Parataxis | Writing successive independent clauses with coordinating conjunctions or no conjunctions. |
| Hypotaxis | Using subordination to show relationship between clauses or phrases. Opposite of parataxis. |
| Sententia | Quoting a maxim or wise saying to apply general truth to situation. Concluding or summing foregoing material by offering a single pithy statement of general wisdom. |
| Exemplum | Citing an example using an illustrative story, true or fictitious. |
| Pleonasm | Using more words than required to express idea, being redundant. Usually a vice but done on purpose for emphasis. |
| Assonance | Siimilar vowel sounds repeated in successive or proximate words containing different consonants. |
| Dirimens Copulatio | Mentioning a balancing or opposing fact to prevent argument from being one sided or unqualified. |
| Symploce | Combining anaphora and epistrophe, one word or phrase is repeated at beginning and another is repeated at end. |
| Appositive | Noune or substitute placed next to another to be described and defined by it. |
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davisckfan
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