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MB2080 Blood
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 10 cell stages of Erythropoeisis? | 1. Stem cell 2. Myeloid Progenitor Cell 3. Burst forming unit E 4. Colony forming unit E 5. Proerythroblast 6. Basophilic erythroblast 7. Polychromatic erythroblast 8. Normoblast 9. Reticulocyte 10. Erythrocyte |
| What is EPO? | Erythropoietin; A cytokine that stimulates erythropoeisis, with particular effect on the Colony forming unit E stage. Synthesised in the Kidney (90%) and Liver (10%), and also in macrophages(?) |
| What EPO substitutes exist? | CERA: Continuous Erythropoietin Receptor Agonist...or "Cheater's EPO Receptor Agonist", if you're a Tour de France cyclist... |
| What converts ferric iron (Fe3+) to ferrous iron at the duodenal brush border? | ferric reductase; Duodenal cytochrome B |
| What oxidation state must iron be in to be absorbed into the duodenal enterocytes? | +2 |
| What transports Haem iron across the apical membrane of duodenal enterocytes? | Haem Carrier Protein 1 |
| What does haem oxygenase do? | Liberates iron from the haem complex by converting Fe2+ into Fe3+ and releasing the Fe3+. (Intracellular) |
| What is the ferritin store? | Store of coagulated iron (Fe2+) |
| How does Fe2+ get out of the enterocyte and into the plasma? | Via the basolateral transporter Ferroportin |
| What does Hephaestin do? | Associated with ferroportin; it's an enzyme that converts exiting Fe2+ to Fe3+ in the interstitial fluid, to allow the Fe3+ to bind to transferrin. |
| How do you get Fe2+ (from a dietary vegetable source)into the duodenal enterocyte? | Via the co-transporter Divalent Metal Transporter 1 (DMT1) |
| What role does Transferrin play in iron balance? | Binds to an allows transport of Fe3+ in the plasma |
| How is iron absorption relevant to blood? | The blood disorder microcytic anaemia can be caused by iron deficiency, as iron is required for efficient erythropoiesis and haemoglobin production. |
| What is microcytic anaemia? | Anaemia featuring under-sized red blood cells (low mean corpuscular volume) |
| What are 3 types of microcytic anaemia? | 1. Iron Deficiency 2. Thalassaemia 3. Sickle Cell anaemia |
| What is normocytic anaemia? | Anaemia due to reduced hematocrit, although red blood cells are of normal size and mean corpuscular volume. |
| What causes normocytic anaemia? | Acute Blood Loss, Renal failure, marrow fibrosis... |
| What is macrocytic anaemia | Low hematocrit anaemia, featuring over-sized res blood cells |
| Causes of macrocytic anaemia? | Megablastic bone marrow: Vitamin B12 defiency or folate deficiency. Normoblastic marrow: alcohol poisoning, liver disease... |
| EPO replacement; clinical uses for treating what? | Suppressed erythropoiesis; due to Renal Failure, or due to chemotherapy/ AIDS treatment with e.g. Zidovudine |
| Side effects of EPO abuse? | Transient "Flu-like" symptoms; headache. Viscous blood. Hypertension. Thrombosis. Myocardial infarction...death...getting kicked out of professional cycling... |
| Typical symptoms of anaemia? | Headache, dizziness, fatigue, faintness, palpitations, tachycardia, angina... |
| % Components of blood? | Plasma (54%) Cellular elements: Erythrocytes (45%), Buffy coat (1%) = Leukocytes and platelets |
| Plasma content? | Water, electrolytes (Na+, Cl-, K+, Ca2+...), plasma proteins... |
| Name 3 types of Plasma proteins? | Albumins, Globulins, fibrinogen... |
| What are Albumins; where are they synthesised and what do they do? | Transport proteins; binds to stuff that requires transport in blood e.g. thryroid hormones, bilirubin, fatty acids and drugs like penicillin (prevents premature breakdown). Synthesised in the liver. Aslo an important oncotic pressure. |
| What are Globulins; where are they synthesised and what do they do? |
Created by:
Kingfisher
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