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Pathophysiology Fin.
LSC Pathophysiology Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are some factors that determine how well a person tolerates fluctuations outside normal homeostatic ranges? | Genetic variation, environmental factors, selection pressures, parasites, and toxins. |
| Why do FSH hormone levels drop after ovulation? | When you ovulate, the follicular remnant becomes the corpus luteum that secretes progesterone. The combined effects of progesterone and estrogen are to reduce the production of FSH. |
| How do pathogens make someone sick? | By releasing toxins, causing metabolic shifts, destroying tissue even stealing nutrients. |
| What are examples of degenerate conditions? | Arthritis, osteoporosis, and hearing loss. |
| What is epigenetics? | Looks at how environmental factors change genes in an individual over the course of their lives. |
| How does trauma produce disease? | By interfering with the functioning of organs. Cut off the blood supply, and tissues starve to death. Injured tissues leak electrolytes, altering membrane potentials and disrupting impulse conduction. |
| What are endocrine disruptors? | Synthetic and naturally-occuring chemicals that disrupt homeostasis by bringing to hormone receptors and creating a range of problems. |
| What do the majority of endocrine disruptors mimic? | Sex steroids such as estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone. |
| What are examples of endocrine disruptors and their effects of the body? | BPA: Linked to feminization and decrease in sperm production. Heavy metals (mercury and lead): Produce neurological disruptions. |
| What are iatrogenic diseases? | Conditions caused by medical interventions or personnel. |
| What are the common characteristics of cancer? | Uncontrolled cell reproduction, undifferentiated cells, abnormal functioning, and invasion of neighboring tissues. |
| What are the effects of the genetic alterations of cells that occur in the condition of cancer? | Shuts down apoptosis and anaplasia (a process by which the cells regress and undifferentiate). |
| When undifferentiated cells increase their rate of mitosis and cause structural abnormalities to surface markers, what can occur? | Tissues may lose integrity and migrate throughout the body (metastasize). |
| What are oncofetal anitgens and their effects? | May be secreted by undifferentiated cancer cells. Cells secrete oncofetal antigens on their surface instead of normal surface markers. Oncogetal antigens mimic fetal cell markers and appear to protect the cancer cells from attack by the immune system. |
| What are tumor angiogenesis factors? | Secrete by tumor cells that cause the formation of new blood vessels to supply the increasing demands of the tumor cells and to remove wastes. |
| What is carcinoma? | Tumors developed originally in epithelial tissue (examples: skin, digestive and respiratory linings, and ovary/testis). |
| What is sarcomas? | Connective tissue cancers. |
| What is lymphoma? | Cancer of the lymphatic system (examples: lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen). |
| What is glioma? | Occurs when the glial cells of the nervous sytem because cancerous. |
| What are the common physical symptoms of cancers? | Cachexia (a general wasting of fat and proteins), anemia (due to the blood demands of tumors and chronic bleeding), and fatigue. |
| What are antiangiogenesis compounds for cancer treatment? | Compounds block the growth of new blood vessels that supply the tumor. |
| What do monoclonal antibodies and immunostimulants (such as interferon) do to help treat cancer? | Help the body's own immune system attack cancer cells. |
| What is resting membrane potential? | The theoretical voltage due to the different in the ion concentrations between the inside of the cell membrane and the outside. |
| Concentration of K+ | Greater INSIDE the cell than outside. Some K+ leaks out of the cell, but negative proteins on the inside surface of the cell membrane attrack the K+ and keep it near the cell surface. |
| What are the charges of the inner and outer cell membranes? | The inner surface of the membrane is NEGATIVE and the outer surface is POSITIVE. |
| What is the difference in charge for RMP? | Ranges between -65 mV and -85 mV. |
| Hyperpolarization. | Means that the RMP is moved further from the threshold level. This makes the nerve or muscle HARDER to stimulate. |
| Hypopolarization. | Occurs when the RMP moves closer to the threshold level. Actions potentials are EASIER to stimulate. |
| What is delirum? | Involves disorientation, restlessness, hallucinations, and agitation. Often occurs with a high fever. |
| What is the Glasgow coma scale? | Evaluates patients on their level of consciousness based on a set of criteria. A maximum score of 15 indicates a normal level of consciousness. The lower the score drops, the lower the level of consciousness. |
| What is paresthesia? | Sensations of numbness, tingling, or excessive sensitivity. |
| What are dermatome maps? | Identify the specific regions covered by each spinal nerve. |
| What affects does nicotine and caffiene have on RMP? | Lower the activation energy necesasry to trigger an action potential. Leads to hypopolarization. |
| What is menigitis? Causes? Symptoms? | An inflammation of the meninges. It can be caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, or toxins. Symptoms are headache, fever, and an extremely tender/stiff neck. |
| What are the most common causes of encephalitis? | Viral infections with either ticks or mosquitoes as the vector. Encephalitis causes damage to the CNS due to the destruction of the infected neurons and demyelination of the white matter in the brain. |
| What causes tetanus? | The bacteria Clostridium tetani. The bacterial spores enter a cut or puncture and, in the anaerobic conditions of healing tissues, germinate and multiply. The organism produces a toxin which mimics neurotransmitter functions. |
| What are grand mal seizures? | Result in a loss of consciousness. |
| What are petit mal or absent seizures? | Reult in only a momentary loss of consciousness. |
| What is Rhabdomyolysis? | Breakdown of muscle. Can be caused by crush injuries/trauma, medications, infections, etc. Damage to the muscle membrane allows myoglobin proteins to leak into the blood. This and free hemoglobin then blocks the filtering mechanism in Bowman's capsule. |
| What causes muscular dystrophy? | A malformation of the cell membrane protein dystrophin causes cell death and a loss of muscle function. |
| What are the 2 major categories of strokes? | Bloackages and bleeds. Blockages can be caused by clots or emboli. Bleeds occur when there is a tear or aneurysm in one of the brain vessels. |
| What are transient ischemia attacks? | "Mini strokes" The symptoms of this are of limited duration, usually minutes to hours. The loss of function is not permanent. |
| Lipid-soluble hormones. | Primarily steroids travel through the blood bound to plasma proteins. These pass through the cell membrane of the target cell and bind to receptors located in the cytoplasm or nuclear membrane and may directly bind to DNA. |
| Non-lipid soluble hormones. | Usually protein or amino acid-based. Cannot pass readily through the membrane. Instead, these binds to receptors on the exterior cell membrane and through changes in membrane potentials alter the function of the target cell. |
| What is endocrine hypofunction? What are the common causes? | This takes place when endocrine response is inadequate to correct the homeostatic aberration. Causes fall under hyposecretion and hormone resistance. |
| What is agenesis? | The failure of the endocrine gland to develop. |
| What is the exocrine function of the pancreas? | The acini cells secrete digestive enzymes and buffers into the pancreatic ducts. |
| What is the endocrine function of the pancreas? | The endocrine function is controlled by the islets of Langerhans. Alpha cells secrete glucagon, beta cells secrete insulin, and delta cells secrete somatostatin (which supresses both insulin and glucogon). |
| Glycogenesis. | Formation of glycogen when glucose levels are high. Increase levels of insulin move more glucose into the liver cells where the construction of glycogen occurs. |
| Glycogenolysis. | Glucagon secretion increases causing stored glycogen to break down to glucose, raising blood sugar levels. |
| Glyconeogenosis. | Formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources. When glucose levels drop corticosteroids, epinephrine, growth hormone, and glucagons work synergistically to breakdown proteins for new glucose molecules. |
| Lipolysis. | Breakdown of lipids to produce energy and metabolites. |
| Lipgenesis. | The creation of lipids from excess sugars and amino acids. |
| How does our body store energy reserves? | Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. |
| What causes gestational dibetes? | Occurs when the pregnancy hormone placental lactogen causes a rise in blood glucose levels greater than the woman's body can handle. |
| What is Cushing's syndrome? Symptoms? | Disease that results from excess secretion of glucocorticosteroids. Symptoms are slow wound healing, abnormal hair growth, fragile skin, shifts in body fat that cause "moon face" and "buffalo hump" |
| What is Addison's disease? Symptoms? | Results from a renal insuffiency. The lack of cortisol and aldosterone lead to weight loss, fatigue, hair loss, hypotension. Symptom is hyperpigmentation. |
| Atrial baroreceptors. | Register pressure ENTERING the heart. |
| How does a decrease in lymphocytes affect antibody production? | LOWERS antibody production. |
| What does the ectoderm portion of the embryo develop into? | Nervous system. |
| What are the negative effects of not producing urine? | Leads to unbalanced electrolytes, build-up of toxins and wastes, and does not allow for the adjustment of pH levels. |
| How does hormonal birth control prevent pregnancy? | It prevents ovulation, thins the endometrium, and thickens cervical mucous. |
| Why is it harder for woman diabetics to manage their blood sugar levels compared to men? | Estrogen and progesterone alter blood sugar levels. |
| What is chorionic thyrotropin? | Placental hormone that increase metabolic rate. |
| What is the Frank-Strarling principle? | Anything which increases the volume of blood entering the ventricles will stretch the ventricles and increase the force of contraction. |
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