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How does the epithelium contribute to the maintenance of homeostasis?
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In general, animals have mouthparts which are adapted to match their food supply. Which of the following would NOT illustrate a good match between mouthpart structure and function?
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Animal Physiology Quiz Questions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How does the epithelium contribute to the maintenance of homeostasis? | It helps to prevent water loss from the body, it acts as a barrier to create an internal environment different from the external environment, it regulates the exchange of ions between the body and the environment |
| In general, animals have mouthparts which are adapted to match their food supply. Which of the following would NOT illustrate a good match between mouthpart structure and function? | The long thin beak of a bird is used for cracking open heavy seeds |
| Which of the following involves negative feedback. | maintaining constant oxygen uptake, maintaining constant body temperature, maintaining constant osmotic concentration |
| The ability of animals to maintain a physiological state within a narrow range of conditions is termed: | homeostasis |
| Which of the following would be classed as a conformer(s). Animals which... | have body temperature equal to environmental temperature |
| The number of moles of solute particles in a solution determines: | osmolarity |
| The building blocks of proteins, carbohydrates, DNA and lipids are respectively: | amino acids, simple sugars, nucleic acids and fatty acids |
| The movement of water down its concentration gradient (from high to low) is termed | osmosis |
| The basic structure of a plasma membrane is: | phospholipids and protein |
| Which of the following will use membrane protein "channels" to enter a cell | sodium ions |
| Which of the following crosses lipid bilayers the fastest? | a small, nonpolar molecule like oxygen (O2) |
| Which of the following is the best explanation for why vegetable oil is a liquid at room temperature while animal fats are solid? | Vegetable oil has more double bonds than animal fats |
| Although tropical and antarctic fish appear structurally very similar, they respond very different to temperature because tropical fish | have higher concentration of saturated fatty acids in their membranes than antartic fish |
| What will happen to a red blood cell, which has an internal ion concentration of about 0.9 percent, if it is placed into a beaker of pure water? | The cell would swell because the water in the beaker is hypotonic |
| A student taking marine biology is investigating the responses of a marine animal to changes in salt concentration in the water. The student finds that when the salt concentration of the water is increased, the animal maintains a constant body mass and sa | Osmoregulator |
| Cells prevent internal conditions from reaching equilibrium by utilizing: | active transport |
| Tonicity can be determined by: | observing if a cell shrinks or swells in solution |
| A cell membrane with a charge (voltage) gradient across the membrane is termed: | polarized |
| A cell (.3 Osm) shrinks in a .3 Osm solution. The solution is: | isosmotic and hypertonic |
| The Na+/K+ pump performs which of the following functions: | pumps 3 Na+ out of the cell and brings 2 K+ in, maintains a charge gradient across the membrane |
| Ion channels which open with changes in membrane polarization are termed: | voltage-gated channels |
| Which of the following nutrients can be used for production of cellular energy? | fats (lipids), proteins, sugars, carbohydrates |
| How are carbohydrates digested? | by amylases in the mouth and small intestine |
| What role do bile salts play in the digestion of complex fats? | They emulsify lipids, meaning that large masses of fat molecules are broken into smaller masses |
| Complex behavior is possible, largely due an increased number of: | interneurons |
| A substance released to the blood is a _____, but the same substance released at a synapse is a _____. | hormone, neurotransmitter |
| Physiological disorders are often treated with pharmaceutical drugs. An agonist is a substance that: | mimics a natural compound and creates the same response |
| Neurotoxins are chemicals which act as ____ to neurotransmitters. | antagonists |
| Which of the following cells are not electrically excitable? | epidermal |
| The axon terminal can create a synapse with, and send information to: | glands, muscles, the synapse, and other neurons |
| Which of the following statements is FALSE. Electrical synapses transmit a signal ______ | as inhibitory or excitatory information |
| The neuromuscular junction is an example of a(n) ______ synapse. | fast chemical |
| Neurotransmitter release at the axon terminal is regulated directly by intracellular levels of _____. | Ca++ |
| Which of the following neurotransmitters is the most common in the peripheral nervous system? | acteylcholine |
| When voltage-gated Na+ channels are opened in neurons, Na+ ions enter the cell because the _____. | Na+ concentration is much higher outside the cell than it is inside, Na+ ions are attracted to the negatively charged interior |
| Conduction velocity of an unmyelinated axon is proportional to the: | diameter of the axon |
| To generate an action potential, the sum of the inhibitory and excitatory inputs must exceed: | threshold potential |
| A neurophysiologist is investigating nerve reflexes in two different animals--a crab and a fish. Action potentials are found to pass more rapidly along the fish's neurons. What is the most likely explanation? | Unlike the crab, the fish's axons are wrapped in myelin |
| An action potential is propagated in one direction, without decrement because: | membrane depolarization opens ion channels in front of the impulse, the nerve impulse gets it's energy from local polarization of the membrane, Na+ channels behind the impulse are closed and innactive |
| Which letter on the diagram corresponds to a large influx of Na+ ions into the cell? | B |
| Which letter on the diagram corresponds to a large efflux of K+ ions from the cell? | C |
| On the diagram, letter "A" refers to the: | Resting potential |
| Which of the following two structures make up the central nervous system (CNS)? | the brain and spinal cord |
| Which type of receptor is involved in sound detection? | thermoreceptors |
| The function of sensory receptor cells is to _____ a signal from the environment. | detect, transduce |
| In the human ear, why do different hair cells respond to different frequencies of sound? | The basilar membrane varies in resonance to certain frequencies, and only stimulates hair cells in these regions that vibrate |
| Why do lemons taste sour? | Protons (from citric acid) flow directly into taste cells through H+ channels in the membrane |
| Pit vipers can detect and strike in complete darkness because of their ability to detect: | infrared wavelengths |
| What type of sensory receptor cell would a salmon use to follow a scent trail upstream to it's natal stream? | chemoreceptors |
| Most tissues in the body are under ____ control. | both neural and endocrine |
| Which of the following is NOT under autonomic control? | skeletal muscle |
| Which of the following is NOT of the distinct chemical groups to which hormones belong? | carbohydrates |
| Hormones released by the posterior pituitary are produced in the | hypothalamus |
| Which of the following is an effect of increased levels of anitdiuretic hormone (ADH) in the blood? | water conservation by the kidney tubules |
| Which of the following parts of the pituitary makes and secretes its own hormones? | anterior pituitary |
| steriod hormones are _____ | lipid-soluable |
| The specialized vascular system in the anterior pituitary, which transports releasing and inhibiting hormones from the neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus, is called the _____ portal system. | hypothalamo-hypophysial |
| The periodic movement of an animal from one region to another is called | migration |
| A neuron that releases the contents of its vesicles into the bloodstream rather than a synapse is called a | neurosecretory cell |
| Which of the following are chemical signals released into the environment to convey information to other animals of the same species? | pheromones |
| Nocturnal migrants tend to use _____ for navigation. | a star compass |
| Experiments in which the magnetic field around a pigeon's head was reversed | caused them to navigate in the opposite direction, but only on overcast days |
| When your family physician taps your left patellar tendon with a mallet, motor neurons innervating the ______ are excited and motor neurons innervating the _____ are inhibited. | left knee extensors; right knee extensores |
| The smallest unit of a skeletal muscle that shortens during a muscle contraction is the | sarcomere |
| In resting skeletal muscle, contraction does not occur because | there is very little calcium in the cytoplasm |
| A vertebrate motor unit consists of | a single motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that it innervates |
| Single-unit smooth muscle differs from multi-unit smooth muscle in the multi-unit smooth muscle | has cells that function as independent units |
| Mammalian cardiac muscle cells are stimulated to contract by | electrical signals transmitted through gap junctions from "pacemaker" cardiac muscle cells |
| In the absence of ______, muscle can contract but not relax | ATP |
| Calcium enters the cytoplasm of a smooth muscle cell by | diffusion from the extracellular space and the sarcoplasmic reticulum |
| In response to exercise training, the muscles in adult mammals change as | proteins in muscle cells are broken down and replaced by proteins with different properties |
| Experiments involving microgravity can be used to study the cellular processes involved in | muscle atrophy |
| Resistance/strength training does not typically result in an increase in | mitochondrial number |
| Studies of bears indicate that their adaptations for a lifestyle that involves hibernation include | reduced rates of muscle atrophy during hibernation |
| Oxygen makes up @21% of the total atmospheric gases. If the total atmospheric pressure was 2 atm, the partial pressure of O2 would be _____ atm. | .42 |
| Which of the following statements about gases dissolved in aqueous solutions is true? | Different gases have different solubilities, gas solubilities decrease strongly with increasing temperature, gas solubilities decrease with increasing salinity |
| CO2 is more easily transferred into water across respiratory membranes compared to O2 because CO2: | is more soluble in water |
| During metamorphosis, a frog utilizes which of the following gas-exchange organs? | gills, lungs, skin |
| The volume of air in the lungs following a complete exhalation is | called the residual volume |
| In the mammalian alveoli, the partial pressure of O2 is _____ that of atmospheric air and the CO2 partial pressure is ______ that of atmospheric air | lower than, higher than |
| Which of the following structures is (are) primarily responsible for gas exchange in the bird respiratory system? | Parabronchi |
| Bird respiration is characterized by _______ air flow and ______ gas exchange. | unidirecational; cross-current |
| A key mechanism of gas transport through the insect tracheal system is | diffusion |
| Which of the following is the main drawback of the insect respiratory system? | It is susceptible to evaporative water loss |
| Myglobin is: | a respiratory pigment found if the red blood cell |
| A respiratory pigment that requires a low O2 partial pressure for loading and has a high affinity for O2 would also have | a low P50 |
| The effect of acid [H+] in reducing the affinity of hemoglobin for O2 is called the ______ effect | bohr |
| In human exposure to high altitude, increasing 2,3-DPG has the effect of | increasing the unloading of O2 at tissues |
| The key enzyme involved in the formation of bicarbonate from CO2 is | carbonic anhydrase |
| The P wave of the ECG is produced by the | depolarization of the atria |
| The main difference between the pulmonary circuit and the sytemic circuit is that the pulmonary circuit | has lower pressures |
| Cardiac output is | heart rate multiplied by stroke volume |
| Most dives by Weddell seals are | short and shallow |
| The amount of O2 stored in blood depends on | the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, and the total volume of the blood |
| A decrease in heart rate specifically in response to diving is referred to as | diving bradycardia |
| A scuba diver remaining at a depth of 50 m for a significant amount of time needs to worry about the possible effects of which gas when he or she ascends? | Nitrogen |
| Metabolic limits on marine mammal dive duration depend on which of the following? | O2 supplies, O2 consumption, Tissue tolerance to lactic acid |
| In order to rid their bodies of accumulated lactic acid after protracted dives, diving mammals require which of the following? | A significant amount of time to fully metabolize the lactic acid, access to air at the water's surface, delay of further diving |
| Diving mammals must keep their dives shorter than their aerobic dive limit (ADL) because doing so | minimizes recovery time at the surface, maximizes time spent underwater, minimizes exposure to predation, maximizes the time available for foraging |
| In the body, water is found in the largest quantity in the | intracellular fluid |
| Typically, if the blood osmolarity were 500 mOsm, then interstitial fluid osmolarity would be ______. | 500 |
| If ambient osmotic pressure increases, and an animal's blood osmotic pressure increases at the same rate, the animal is an osmo____. | conformer |
| Animals that can live in dry, water poor environments are called | xeric |
| Freshwater animals tend to | gain water and lose ions |
| If an octopus has an osmolarity of 300 mOsm, the environment it lives in must have an osmolarity of | 300 mOsm |
| The blood osmotic pressure of marine telosts is about _____ mOsm ______ than the environmental osmotic pressure | 300; lower |
| Species that are able to survive only within a narrow range of ambient salinity are called | stenohaline |
| Humidity loosely refers to the | water content in the atmosphere |
| Which of the following animals are most likely to excrete mainly urea or uric acid instead of ammonia? | Gulls |
| Marine birds rely on salt glands to excrete excess salt because | water is salty, nitrogen is excreted as uric acid, food is salty, the kidneys aren't powerful enough to excrete ingested salt |
| Birds excrete waste nitrogen as uric acid because | it can precipitate out of solution in the egg |
| Excretory systems control the ____ of the extracellular fluids of animals. | volume, concentration, and composition |
| The functional unit of the kidney is | the nephron |
| Which of the following is used as sea water conservation strategy in camels? | They produce concentrated urine, They minimize heart influx behaviorally, They have thick fur that acts as a heat shield, They produce dry feces |
| Oryxes living in deserts or savannas raise their body temperature to | store heat |
| To maximize water intake, an animal living in dry savannas should eat leaves | just before dawn |
| Animals need energy to | create and maintain internal organization, maintain ion gradients, pump blood |
| Which of the following is a factor that exerts a particularly large effect on metabolic rates? | Environmental temperature |
| A 30-g vole eats 175 g of forage per week and a 1900-kg rhino eats 650 kg of forage per week. This demonstrates that | The energy needs of the two species are not proportional to body size |
| The term "mass-specific metabolic rate" refers to | whole-animal metabolic rate divided by body weight |
| Larger mammals need more oxygen than smaller mammals, but they need less oxygen per gram. Smaller mammals supply more oxygen per gram with a _____ mass-specific heart size and a _____ heart rate. | similar; faster |
| Humans can digest and absorb approximately _____% of their energy consumed as cellulose | 0 |
| The substrate _____ is required for glycolysis to begin | glucose |
| The specific role of oxygen in the cell is to | act as a final electron acceptor |
| To escape from a predator, a fish most likely uses ____ muscle. | White first and after a few seconds red |
| If an animal spends 6 hours a day chasing prey (50 kJ/hr)and 18 hours a day resting (10 kJ/hr), its average hourly cost of behavior is ____ kJ/hr | 20 |
| The relationship between average daily metabolic rate (ADMR) per unit of body weight and body size is a(n) | inverse proportion |
| As a human runs faster, his metabolic rate | increases |
| For animals of any given body size, engaging in their primary form of locomotion, which of the following activities would be the most energetically costly to cover a long distance? | Running at a high speed |
| Comparing animals that share a single primary mode of locomotion, large bodied species will cover distances at a ____ weight-specific cost than small bodied species | lower |
| Energy production is highly correlated with the amount of | oxygen consumed |
| An ectotherm is also called a | poikilotherm |
| Evaporation is an effective mechanism for cooling because | the latent heat of vaporization for water is large |
| The three time frames over which animals respond physiologically to environmental change are | acute, chronic, and evolutoinary |
| Suppose an animal has a metabolic rate of 2 mL O2/h at 10 degrees C? The Q10 is 2, what is its metabolic rate at 20 degrees C? | 4 mL O2/h |
| Some animals can survive freezing and others cannot. Which of the following is associated with the ability of animals to survive freezing? | Freezing of the extracellular fluids only |
| In winter, some birds stand on frozen ponds and lakes. How do they prevent their feet from freezing while simultaneously preventing excessive heat loss? | Through the mechanism of countercurrent heat exchange in their legs, while the temperature of the foot is maintained above zero |
| Fatty acids isolated from the distal limb of a reindeer would consist of | more unsaturated than saturated fatty acids |
| The major role of brown fat is to | warm the body by nonshivering mechanisms |
| Based on the relationship of metabolic rate and body weight, an animal weighs ____ kg as an adult is most likely to have evolved hibernation. | 4 |
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