Animal Physiology Quiz Questions

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How does the epithelium contribute to the maintenance of homeostasis?

It helps to prevent water loss from the body, it acts as a barrier to create an internal environment different from the external environment, it regulates the exchange of ions between the body and the environment

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In general, animals have mouthparts which are adapted to match their food supply. Which of the following would NOT illustrate a good match between mouthpart structure and function?

The long thin beak of a bird is used for cracking open heavy seeds

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Which of the following involves negative feedback.

maintaining constant oxygen uptake, maintaining constant body temperature, maintaining constant osmotic concentration

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The ability of animals to maintain a physiological state within a narrow range of conditions is termed:

homeostasis

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Which of the following would be classed as a conformer(s). Animals which...

have body temperature equal to environmental temperature

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The number of moles of solute particles in a solution determines:

osmolarity

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The building blocks of proteins, carbohydrates, DNA and lipids are respectively:

amino acids, simple sugars, nucleic acids and fatty acids

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The movement of water down its concentration gradient (from high to low) is termed

osmosis

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The basic structure of a plasma membrane is:

phospholipids and protein

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Which of the following will use membrane protein "channels" to enter a cell

sodium ions

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Which of the following crosses lipid bilayers the fastest?

a small, nonpolar molecule like oxygen (O2)

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Which of the following is the best explanation for why vegetable oil is a liquid at room temperature while animal fats are solid?

Vegetable oil has more double bonds than animal fats

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Although tropical and antarctic fish appear structurally very similar, they respond very different to temperature because tropical fish

have higher concentration of saturated fatty acids in their membranes than antartic fish

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What will happen to a red blood cell, which has an internal ion concentration of about 0.9 percent, if it is placed into a beaker of pure water?

The cell would swell because the water in the beaker is hypotonic

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A student taking marine biology is investigating the responses of a marine animal to changes in salt concentration in the water. The student finds that when the salt concentration of the water is increased, the animal maintains a constant body mass and sa

Osmoregulator

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Cells prevent internal conditions from reaching equilibrium by utilizing:

active transport

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Tonicity can be determined by:

observing if a cell shrinks or swells in solution

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A cell membrane with a charge (voltage) gradient across the membrane is termed:

polarized

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A cell (.3 Osm) shrinks in a .3 Osm solution. The solution is:

isosmotic and hypertonic

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The Na+/K+ pump performs which of the following functions:

pumps 3 Na+ out of the cell and brings 2 K+ in, maintains a charge gradient across the membrane

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Ion channels which open with changes in membrane polarization are termed:

voltage-gated channels

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Which of the following nutrients can be used for production of cellular energy?

fats (lipids), proteins, sugars, carbohydrates

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How are carbohydrates digested?

by amylases in the mouth and small intestine

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What role do bile salts play in the digestion of complex fats?

They emulsify lipids, meaning that large masses of fat molecules are broken into smaller masses

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Complex behavior is possible, largely due an increased number of:

interneurons

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A substance released to the blood is a _____, but the same substance released at a synapse is a _____.

hormone, neurotransmitter

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Physiological disorders are often treated with pharmaceutical drugs. An agonist is a substance that:

mimics a natural compound and creates the same response

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Neurotoxins are chemicals which act as ____ to neurotransmitters.

antagonists

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Which of the following cells are not electrically excitable?

epidermal

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The axon terminal can create a synapse with, and send information to:

glands, muscles, the synapse, and other neurons

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Which of the following statements is FALSE. Electrical synapses transmit a signal ______

as inhibitory or excitatory information

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The neuromuscular junction is an example of a(n) ______ synapse.

fast chemical

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Neurotransmitter release at the axon terminal is regulated directly by intracellular levels of _____.

Ca++

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Which of the following neurotransmitters is the most common in the peripheral nervous system?

acteylcholine

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When voltage-gated Na+ channels are opened in neurons, Na+ ions enter the cell because the _____.

Na+ concentration is much higher outside the cell than it is inside, Na+ ions are attracted to the negatively charged interior

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Conduction velocity of an unmyelinated axon is proportional to the:

diameter of the axon

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To generate an action potential, the sum of the inhibitory and excitatory inputs must exceed:

threshold potential

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A neurophysiologist is investigating nerve reflexes in two different animals--a crab and a fish. Action potentials are found to pass more rapidly along the fish's neurons. What is the most likely explanation?

Unlike the crab, the fish's axons are wrapped in myelin

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An action potential is propagated in one direction, without decrement because:

membrane depolarization opens ion channels in front of the impulse, the nerve impulse gets it's energy from local polarization of the membrane, Na+ channels behind the impulse are closed and innactive

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Which letter on the diagram corresponds to a large influx of Na+ ions into the cell?

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Which letter on the diagram corresponds to a large efflux of K+ ions from the cell?

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On the diagram, letter "A" refers to the:

Resting potential

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Which of the following two structures make up the central nervous system (CNS)?

the brain and spinal cord

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Which type of receptor is involved in sound detection?

thermoreceptors

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The function of sensory receptor cells is to _____ a signal from the environment.

detect, transduce

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In the human ear, why do different hair cells respond to different frequencies of sound?

The basilar membrane varies in resonance to certain frequencies, and only stimulates hair cells in these regions that vibrate

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Why do lemons taste sour?

Protons (from citric acid) flow directly into taste cells through H+ channels in the membrane

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Pit vipers can detect and strike in complete darkness because of their ability to detect:

infrared wavelengths

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What type of sensory receptor cell would a salmon use to follow a scent trail upstream to it's natal stream?

chemoreceptors

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Most tissues in the body are under ____ control.

both neural and endocrine

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Which of the following is NOT under autonomic control?

skeletal muscle

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Which of the following is NOT of the distinct chemical groups to which hormones belong?

carbohydrates

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Hormones released by the posterior pituitary are produced in the

hypothalamus

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Which of the following is an effect of increased levels of anitdiuretic hormone (ADH) in the blood?

water conservation by the kidney tubules

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Which of the following parts of the pituitary makes and secretes its own hormones?

anterior pituitary

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steriod hormones are _____

lipid-soluable

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The specialized vascular system in the anterior pituitary, which transports releasing and inhibiting hormones from the neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus, is called the _____ portal system.

hypothalamo-hypophysial

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The periodic movement of an animal from one region to another is called

migration

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A neuron that releases the contents of its vesicles into the bloodstream rather than a synapse is called a

neurosecretory cell

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Which of the following are chemical signals released into the environment to convey information to other animals of the same species?

pheromones

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Nocturnal migrants tend to use _____ for navigation.

a star compass

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Experiments in which the magnetic field around a pigeon's head was reversed

caused them to navigate in the opposite direction, but only on overcast days

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When your family physician taps your left patellar tendon with a mallet, motor neurons innervating the ______ are excited and motor neurons innervating the _____ are inhibited.

left knee extensors; right knee extensores

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The smallest unit of a skeletal muscle that shortens during a muscle contraction is the

sarcomere

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In resting skeletal muscle, contraction does not occur because

there is very little calcium in the cytoplasm

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A vertebrate motor unit consists of

a single motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that it innervates

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Single-unit smooth muscle differs from multi-unit smooth muscle in the multi-unit smooth muscle

has cells that function as independent units

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Mammalian cardiac muscle cells are stimulated to contract by

electrical signals transmitted through gap junctions from "pacemaker" cardiac muscle cells

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In the absence of ______, muscle can contract but not relax

ATP

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Calcium enters the cytoplasm of a smooth muscle cell by

diffusion from the extracellular space and the sarcoplasmic reticulum

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In response to exercise training, the muscles in adult mammals change as

proteins in muscle cells are broken down and replaced by proteins with different properties

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Experiments involving microgravity can be used to study the cellular processes involved in

muscle atrophy

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Resistance/strength training does not typically result in an increase in

mitochondrial number

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Studies of bears indicate that their adaptations for a lifestyle that involves hibernation include

reduced rates of muscle atrophy during hibernation

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Oxygen makes up @21% of the total atmospheric gases. If the total atmospheric pressure was 2 atm, the partial pressure of O2 would be _____ atm.

.42

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Which of the following statements about gases dissolved in aqueous solutions is true?

Different gases have different solubilities, gas solubilities decrease strongly with increasing temperature, gas solubilities decrease with increasing salinity

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CO2 is more easily transferred into water across respiratory membranes compared to O2 because CO2:

is more soluble in water

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During metamorphosis, a frog utilizes which of the following gas-exchange organs?

gills, lungs, skin

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The volume of air in the lungs following a complete exhalation is

called the residual volume

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In the mammalian alveoli, the partial pressure of O2 is _____ that of atmospheric air and the CO2 partial pressure is ______ that of atmospheric air

lower than, higher than

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Which of the following structures is (are) primarily responsible for gas exchange in the bird respiratory system?

Parabronchi

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Bird respiration is characterized by _______ air flow and ______ gas exchange.

unidirecational; cross-current

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A key mechanism of gas transport through the insect tracheal system is

diffusion

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Which of the following is the main drawback of the insect respiratory system?

It is susceptible to evaporative water loss

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Myglobin is:

a respiratory pigment found if the red blood cell

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A respiratory pigment that requires a low O2 partial pressure for loading and has a high affinity for O2 would also have

a low P50

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The effect of acid [H+] in reducing the affinity of hemoglobin for O2 is called the ______ effect

bohr

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In human exposure to high altitude, increasing 2,3-DPG has the effect of

increasing the unloading of O2 at tissues

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The key enzyme involved in the formation of bicarbonate from CO2 is

carbonic anhydrase

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The P wave of the ECG is produced by the

depolarization of the atria

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The main difference between the pulmonary circuit and the sytemic circuit is that the pulmonary circuit

has lower pressures

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Cardiac output is

heart rate multiplied by stroke volume

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Most dives by Weddell seals are

short and shallow

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The amount of O2 stored in blood depends on

the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, and the total volume of the blood

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A decrease in heart rate specifically in response to diving is referred to as

diving bradycardia

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A scuba diver remaining at a depth of 50 m for a significant amount of time needs to worry about the possible effects of which gas when he or she ascends?

Nitrogen

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Metabolic limits on marine mammal dive duration depend on which of the following?

O2 supplies, O2 consumption, Tissue tolerance to lactic acid

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In order to rid their bodies of accumulated lactic acid after protracted dives, diving mammals require which of the following?

A significant amount of time to fully metabolize the lactic acid, access to air at the water's surface, delay of further diving

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Diving mammals must keep their dives shorter than their aerobic dive limit (ADL) because doing so

minimizes recovery time at the surface, maximizes time spent underwater, minimizes exposure to predation, maximizes the time available for foraging

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In the body, water is found in the largest quantity in the

intracellular fluid

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Typically, if the blood osmolarity were 500 mOsm, then interstitial fluid osmolarity would be ______.

500

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If ambient osmotic pressure increases, and an animal's blood osmotic pressure increases at the same rate, the animal is an osmo____.

conformer

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Animals that can live in dry, water poor environments are called

xeric

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Freshwater animals tend to

gain water and lose ions

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If an octopus has an osmolarity of 300 mOsm, the environment it lives in must have an osmolarity of

300 mOsm

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The blood osmotic pressure of marine telosts is about _____ mOsm ______ than the environmental osmotic pressure

300; lower

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Species that are able to survive only within a narrow range of ambient salinity are called

stenohaline

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Humidity loosely refers to the

water content in the atmosphere

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Which of the following animals are most likely to excrete mainly urea or uric acid instead of ammonia?

Gulls

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Marine birds rely on salt glands to excrete excess salt because

water is salty, nitrogen is excreted as uric acid, food is salty, the kidneys aren't powerful enough to excrete ingested salt

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Birds excrete waste nitrogen as uric acid because

it can precipitate out of solution in the egg

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Excretory systems control the ____ of the extracellular fluids of animals.

volume, concentration, and composition

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The functional unit of the kidney is

the nephron

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Which of the following is used as sea water conservation strategy in camels?

They produce concentrated urine, They minimize heart influx behaviorally, They have thick fur that acts as a heat shield, They produce dry feces

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Oryxes living in deserts or savannas raise their body temperature to

store heat

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To maximize water intake, an animal living in dry savannas should eat leaves

just before dawn

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Animals need energy to

create and maintain internal organization, maintain ion gradients, pump blood

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Which of the following is a factor that exerts a particularly large effect on metabolic rates?

Environmental temperature

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A 30-g vole eats 175 g of forage per week and a 1900-kg rhino eats 650 kg of forage per week. This demonstrates that

The energy needs of the two species are not proportional to body size

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The term "mass-specific metabolic rate" refers to

whole-animal metabolic rate divided by body weight

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Larger mammals need more oxygen than smaller mammals, but they need less oxygen per gram. Smaller mammals supply more oxygen per gram with a _____ mass-specific heart size and a _____ heart rate.

similar; faster

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Humans can digest and absorb approximately _____% of their energy consumed as cellulose

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The substrate _____ is required for glycolysis to begin

glucose

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The specific role of oxygen in the cell is to

act as a final electron acceptor

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To escape from a predator, a fish most likely uses ____ muscle.

White first and after a few seconds red

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If an animal spends 6 hours a day chasing prey (50 kJ/hr)and 18 hours a day resting (10 kJ/hr), its average hourly cost of behavior is ____ kJ/hr

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The relationship between average daily metabolic rate (ADMR) per unit of body weight and body size is a(n)

inverse proportion

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As a human runs faster, his metabolic rate

increases

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For animals of any given body size, engaging in their primary form of locomotion, which of the following activities would be the most energetically costly to cover a long distance?

Running at a high speed

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Comparing animals that share a single primary mode of locomotion, large bodied species will cover distances at a ____ weight-specific cost than small bodied species

lower

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Energy production is highly correlated with the amount of

oxygen consumed

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An ectotherm is also called a

poikilotherm

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Evaporation is an effective mechanism for cooling because

the latent heat of vaporization for water is large

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The three time frames over which animals respond physiologically to environmental change are

acute, chronic, and evolutoinary

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Suppose an animal has a metabolic rate of 2 mL O2/h at 10 degrees C? The Q10 is 2, what is its metabolic rate at 20 degrees C?

4 mL O2/h

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Some animals can survive freezing and others cannot. Which of the following is associated with the ability of animals to survive freezing?

Freezing of the extracellular fluids only

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In winter, some birds stand on frozen ponds and lakes. How do they prevent their feet from freezing while simultaneously preventing excessive heat loss?

Through the mechanism of countercurrent heat exchange in their legs, while the temperature of the foot is maintained above zero

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Fatty acids isolated from the distal limb of a reindeer would consist of

more unsaturated than saturated fatty acids

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The major role of brown fat is to

warm the body by nonshivering mechanisms

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Based on the relationship of metabolic rate and body weight, an animal weighs ____ kg as an adult is most likely to have evolved hibernation.

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