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Using Information
Higher Info Sys Using Information
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| data | unprocessed facts and figures that have no context or purposeful meaning |
| information | processed data that has meaning and context |
| knowledge | gained from information and used to help make decisions |
| metadata | data about data |
| category: source | describes the origin of the information - classified as primary, secondary, internal or external |
| category: nature | describes the manner in which the information is communicated and whether it can be measured or not - classified as formal or informal, qualitative or quantitative |
| category: level | describes who or where the information is used in an organisation - classified as strategic, tactical or operational |
| category: time | describes when the information refers to - classified as past, present or future |
| category: frequency | describes when the information is available or updated - classified as continuous, hourly, daily, monthly, annually |
| category: use | describes the purpose of the information in an organisation - classified as planning, decision making or control |
| category: form | describes how the information is recorded or presented - classified as visual, aural or written |
| category: type | describes quantity and structure of the information - classified as sampled, aggregated or detailed |
| characteristic: relevance | good information must be appropriate for intended use |
| characteristic: accuracy | good information must be correct |
| characteristic: completeness | good information must be inclusive with nothing missed out |
| characteristic: reliability | good information must be trustworthy so that it can be relied on, and must not be biased |
| characteristic: timing | good information must be available when it is required |
| characteristic: level of detail | good information must be detailed enough for the purpose but without lots of extra bits included - should be concise |
| characteristic: presentation | good information should be displayed in a suitable manner so that the user can easily understand it and make sense of it |
| characteristic: availability | good information should be easy to access |
| characteristic: cost | good information may carry a financial charge - the price paid to obtain information |
| characteristic: value | good information is very important to an organisation or individual |
| data processing system | a computerised system that deals with repetitive processing tasks on a day to day basis often involving large number crunching |
| expert system | a computer program that tries to emulate human reasoning - made up of knowledge base, inference engine and user interface |
| management information system | a computer system converts data from a data processing system into information required for planning, leading, organising and controlling an organisation |
| executive information system | a computer system analyses, compares and identifies trends in data to help the strategic direction of an organisation |
| decision support system | an interactive computer system used to explore a range of alternatives with a variety of conditions to assist a manager make decisions about the future of an organisation |
| network strategy | a set of guidelines and policies that allow an organisation to set up and maintain a system to distribute information around the organisation effectively and efficiently |
| upgrade strategy | a set of guidelines used to assist in acquiring a newer or enhanced version of an existing piece of hardware or software |
| backup strategy | a set of procedures established by an organisation to avoid the loss of data |
| software strategy | a set of guidelines in an organisation to plan for purchasing and obtaining new software applications |
| security strategy | a set of guidelines and policies that allow an organisation to ensure the data in the organisation is not open to unauthorised use |
| network topology | the physical structure and layout used to connect devices together on a network |
| client/server network architecture | network setup where a workstation communicates with a host computer. The workstation requests information, the host responds to the request by sending the results back to the workstation |
| network adapter | a circuit board installed in to a computer to allow it to send and receive data |
| structured cabling | the physical connections for a network including cabling, hubs and switches |
| network operating system | system software required on a network to control which users and workstations can access the server and to keep users data secure |
| network account | a username and password set up to allow access rights to certain parts of the network and to allow for data storage on central servers |
| network audit software | software used to keep track of network activity and to record user activity and workstation activity |
| data security | protection against physical loss of data due to failure of hardware or software |
| data integrity | ensuring data is accurate and is not exposed to accidental or malicious alteration |
| privacy of data | keeping data safe from unauthorised users |
| virus | a piece of programming code that can replicate itself and causes some unexpected and usually undesirable event in a computer system |
| hacking | gaining or attempting to gain unauthorised access to a computer information system with the intent to destroy, disrupt or carry out illegal activity on the network or system |
| denial of service | an attack on a network where a server is flooded with a very large number of requests for information creating a huge amount of network traffic resulting in server overload and crashing |
| security procedures | guidelines and policies established in a organisation to advise employees on security measures such as code of conduct and password guidelines |
| virus protection | technique used to implement data security by installing software to prevent virus infection, detect virus infection and repair virus infection |
| firewall | technique used to implement data security by a device or piece of software installed to stop information from certain locations and IP addresses being transferred |
| encryption | technique used to implement data security by translating data into a secret code so that anyone intercepting the data can not make sense of it |
| access rights | technique used to implement data security by assigning designated users with different levels of access or privileges |
| archiving | technique used to copy data from hard disk onto tape or other media for long term storage after use |
| recovery | techniques used to verify and retrieve backup files from storage |
| storage methods | techniques used to make another copy of data in case of damage to original - full backup, incremental backup, rotation, file ancestry |
| future proofing | making sure that a system has a reasonable life and does not need to be totally replaced too soon. |
| legacy system | old information systems running on out-of-date hardware and operating systems |
| emulation | a technique that uses a program to allow data to be transferred between platforms so that old version of software may be run on otherwise incompatible platforms |
| software evaluation: functionality | criteria used to judge whether software is capable of carrying out the required tasks using features available in the application |
| software evaluation: performance | criteria used to judge whether software operates to standard of industry benchmarks |
| software evaluation: usability | criteria used to judge whether software has a good look and feel, has a good user interface |
| software evaluation: compatibility | criteria used to judge whether software is able to work with current operating system |
| software evaluation: data migration | criteria used to judge whether software is able to translate data from one format to another |
| software evaluation: resource requirements | criteria used to judge whether software is able to run on the hardware specification available |
| software evaluation: portability | criteria used to judge whether software is able to work on different platforms or operating systems |
| software evaluation: support | criteria used to judge whether software provides assistance from vendors or writers |
| on the job training | user support in the form of simple tutorial to familiarise employees within new software as they carry out tasks |
| in-house training | user support in the form of a training course run for a small group of staff by the IT department |
| external training | user support in the form of a course offered by specialist training providers |
| manuals | user support in the form of documentation to refer to for assistance |
| online help/tutorial | user support in the form of programs built in to the software to explain features and give demonstration how to use them |
| help desk | user support in the form of a technician at the end of a phone line to assist with problems |
| newsgroups | user support in the form of messages posted to forums accessible by the wider community |
| FAQs | user support in the form of a file that contains a list of commonly asked user queries - frequently asked questions |
| distributed database | a database controlled by central database management system but all the storage devices are not attached to a common CPU. |
| data warehouse | the main repository of an organisation's historical data |
| data mining | the process of automatically searching large volumes of data for patterns |
| house style | technique used to improve consistency of presentation - a standard combination of font, style, layout, colour used regularly within an organisation |
| template | technique used to improve consistency of presentation - a pre-made page with elements already in position ready for content to be added. |
| goal seeking | a technique used in spreadsheet software used to automatically change the values in a formula until a desired result is achieved |
| forecasting | a technique used in spreadsheet software used to calculate or predict a future value based on existing values |
| lookup tables | a technique used in spreadsheet software used to code and decode values from quantitative data into qualitative data |
| nested if | a technique used in spreadsheet software used to test a conditional formula within more than two possible outcomes - it uses a IF function inside another IF function |
| count | a technique used in spreadsheet software to find the total number of occurrences of certain data |
| macro | a sequence of instructions that can be used to automate complex or repetitive tasks |
| timelining | the process of allocating times and dates to task within a project using project management software |
| resource allocation | the process of allocating equipment, tools, machinery, employees or anything else needed to complete a task - recorded using project management software |
| Gantt chart | a type of graphical display showing information about a project and its progress - created using project management software |
| optimization | a technique used in project management to achieve the end aim efficiently - by meeting schedule, meeting budget, meeting scope |
| critical path analysis | a technique used in project management that identifies the series of dependant tasks that must be completed in a project |
| word processing software | type of application software used to present information for print media - to edit and manipulate text documents |
| desktop publishing software | type of application software used to present information for print media - to edit and manipulate text documents intended for professional printing |
| spreadsheet software | type of application software used for data handling, especially numerical and statistical data |
| project management software | type of application software used to plan, monitor and control the various activities and resources that contribute to a successful project |
| personal information management | type of application software used by an individual to manage and manipulate their personal data such as contacts, calendars, tasks and communication |
| web authoring | type of application software used to present information for online media in the form of web pages in HTML |
| presentation software | type of application software used to present information for online media in the form of a sequence of slides |
| globalization | a social impact of ICT that has led to the integration of economies and societies around the world |
| social implications | the effects that ICT has on individuals lives, their environment, social structures and daily events |
| Data Protection Act | piece of legislation that deals with processing of personal information |
| Copyright, Designs and Patents Act | piece of legislation that addresses the entitlement to use materials created by others while protecting the rights of authors |
| Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act | piece of legislation that governs the interception of communications |
| Computer Misuse Act | piece of legislation that governs the unauthorised access or modification of data |
| Freedom of Information Act | piece of legislation that grants right of access to information held by local authorities and other public bodies |
| Health and Safety regulations | employers responsibilities to ensure employees have a safe working environment in relation to ICT |
| economic implications | the effects that ICT has on business, financial institutions, shopping and ecommerce |
| ethical implications | the effects that ICT has in terms of morals and beliefs and acting within the law |
Created by:
MIssRussell
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