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BLHVN respiratory
Respiratory physiology review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the two "zones" that the respiratory system is divided into? | Respiratory and conducting |
| Where does the exchange of gas between air and blood occur? (which zone) | the respiratory zone |
| What are the 3 functions of "respiration"? | ventilation, gas exchange, and oxygen utilization |
| Define ventilation: | breathing; the mechanical process that moves air into and out of the lungs |
| Gas exchange occurs between: | occurs between the air and blood in the lungs and between the blood and other tissues of the body |
| Oxygen utilization during respiration: | the tissues liberate energy from the reactions of cell respiration |
| Ventilation and exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the air and blood | external respiration |
| Gas exchange between the blood and other tissues and oxygen utilization by the tissues | internal respiration |
| Concentrations of oxygen in air and blood: | O2 is higher in air than in blood, so oxygen diffuses into the blood from the air |
| Concnetrations of carbon dioxide: | CO2 is higher in the blood than the air, so it diffuses OUT of the blood and into the air |
| How does gas exchange occur between the blood and air? | It occurs entirely by diffusion through lung tissue. |
| Gas exchange occurs across tiny (0.25 - 0.50 mm in diameter) air sacs called | alveoli |
| How many alveoli are in the lungs? | an estimated 300 million |
| What is the estimated surface are in the lungs? | 60-80 sq. meters or 760 sq. ft. |
| How thick is an alveolus? (singular for alveoli) | Only 1 cell layer. |
| How does the thinness of the alveolus affect the rate of diffusion? | It speeds it up |
| How thick is the air blood barrier? | An alveolar cell and a capillary endothelial cell (so about 2 micrometers)make up the air-blood barrier. |
| 2 types of alveolar cells: | Type I and Type II |
| Type I alveolar cells: | comprise 95-97% of the total surface area of the lung. Gas exchange with the blood primarily occurs through these cells. Very thin. |
| Type II alveolar cells: | are the cells that secrete pulmonary surfactant and that reabsorb sodium and water, preventing fluid buildup in the alveoli. |
| What is included in the respiratory zone? | the respiratory bronchioles (contain separate outpouchings of alveoli) and the terminal alveolar sacs. |
| What is included in the conducting zone? | it includes all of the anatomical structures through which air passes before reaching the respiratory zone. |
| Flow of air in the respiratory system | Air enters the mouth or nose, to the pharynx past the glottis, to the larynx, into the trachea, to the primary bronchi, to terminal bronchioles, to the alveoli |
| Sturdy tube supported by rings of cartilage | trachea |
| The cavity behind the palate that receives the contents of both the oral and nasal passages | pharynx |
| A valvelike opening between the vocal chords through which air must pass in order to enter or leave the trachea and lungs | glottis |
| The ventricular and vocal chords. Also called the voice box. Guards the entrance to the trachea. | Larynx |
| The largest cartilage of the larynx that projects at the front of the throat is commonly called the | adam's apple |
| The structures of the conducting zone serve additional functions such as: | warming and humidification of the inspired air, and filtration and cleaning. |
| Purpose of mucus secreted by the cells of the conducting zone: | the mucus traps small particles in the inspired air and thereby performs a filtration function |
| Diaphragm | a dome-shaped sheet of striated muscle. It divides the anterior body cavity into two parts: below the diaphragm is the abdominopelvic cavity and above it is the thoracic cavity. |
| Contains the liver, pancreas, gastrointestinal tract, spleen, genitourinary tract, and other organs | abdominopelvic cavity |
| Contatins the heart, large blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, and thyamus in the central region and is filled elsewhere by the right and left lungs | thoracic cavity |
| Central region | mediastium |
| Pleural membranes | two layers of wet epithelial membrane that envelope the central region/mediastium. When lungs are filled, the two membranes push against each other |
| parietal pleura | superficial layer, lines the inside of the thoracic wall. |
| visceral pleura | deep layer, covers the surface of the lungs |
| The movement of air into and out of the lungs occurs through | pressure differences induced by changes in lung volumes |
| Physical properties of the lungs that influence ventilation | elasticity, compliance, and surface tension |
| Airflow through bronchioles proportions: | is directly proportional to the pressure difference and inversely proportional to the frictional resistance to flow (air flow = delta P/ fric. resistance) |
Created by:
Breanna.Terrell
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