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Properties of Sound
Audiology PowerPoint 2, study HLS and equations separately
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Sound | Vibrations transmitted through an elastic medium (NOT a vacuum) |
| Condensation | Air molecules are pushed closer together, creating a movement that affects the air further on. (Up on a wavelength, high pressure) |
| Rarefaction | Partial vacuum forms, air molecules nearby move in leaving a rarefied zone behind. (Down on a wavelength, low pressure) |
| Wave of sound | a succession of compressions and rarefactions |
| Oscilogram | records pressure variations of sound waves |
| Wavelength | the distance required to complete one cycle. Measured in meters(m) or seconds (s) |
| Period (T) | duration required to complete a cycle. Measured in seconds (s) |
| How does Period relate to Pitch? | The longer the cycle, the lower the pitch. |
| Frequency (F) | the number of cycles completed per second. Measured in Hertz (Hz). (wave/sec =Hertz) |
| How does Period relate to Frequency? | they are inversely proportional. As the period increases, the frequency of vibration decreases. |
| How does Frequency relate to Pitch? | the lower the frequency, the lower the pitch. |
| Period (s) = | 1/Frequency |
| The Velocity (m/s) = | wavelength (m) x frequency (Hz) |
| Pure tone | a sound wave made of a single frequency |
| Pure tones in phase | when their waveform have the same starting point, create constructive interference |
| Pure tones in opposition of phase | when their waveform have opposite starting point, create destructive interference, noise cancellation |
| Pure tones out of phase | when their waveform have different starting points |
| Beats | perceived fluctuations in amplitude when 2 tones of similar frequency are presented together |
| Noise | a complex sound without period |
| Amplitude | the maximum displacement from zero in a sound wave Relates to loudness. Reflects the amount of pressure produced during condensation. |
| Smallest audible sound pressure is | ~20 MPa |
| Sound waves begin to damage hearing at | ~200,000,000 MPA or ~200 PA |
| dB scale | Bel (B) and decibel (dB) logarithmic units of measurement. A way to shrink a large number scale to be manageable, convenient. |
| Log 1 = | 0 |
| Log 1,000 = | 3 |
| dB (SPL) = | 20 log P - 20 log Pr = 20 log (P/Pr) |
| Pressure of reference | the threshold of audibility, Pr = 20 MPa |
| Range of Auditory Perception: Frequency | sounds lower than 20 Hz and higher than 20 kHz (20,000 Hz) can not be heard |
| Range of Auditory Perception: Loudness | lower limit of audibility is 0 dB, physical pain at 130-140 dB |
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