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Steps of Chemical energy
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Unit 4 Biology Kloet
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Steps of Chemical energy | 1) ATP (adenosine triphosphate) 2)Phosphate is removed and energy is released for cell processes 3) ADP (adenosine diphosphate) 4) Energy is released from breakdown of molecules and a phosphate is added |
| Carbohydrate (molecule type) | 4 cal/mg |
| Lipid (molecule type) | 9 cal/mg |
| Protein (molecule type) | 4 cal/mg |
| Carbohydrate (energy) | 36 ATP |
| Lipid (energy) | 146 ATP |
| Carbohydrate details | most common molecule to break down to make ATP |
| Lipid details | stores most of the energy in people |
| Protein details | infrequently broken down to make ATP by cells |
| Chemosynthesis | process by which some organisms use chemicals from the environment (rather than sunlight) as a source of energy to build or synthesize carbon base molecules (C-C-C-C) |
| Photosynthesis | process through which light energy (sun or solar) is captured and used to build sugars that store chemical energy |
| Steps to photosynthesis | see chart 4.2 |
| Write the equation for photosynthesis | 6CO2 + 6H2O -> -> -> C6H12O6 +6O2 |
| Light-Dependent Reactions step 1 | Energy absorbed and transferred to electrons |
| Light-Dependent Reactions step 2 | Water broken down; electrons enter chlorophyll |
| Light-Dependent Reactions step 3 | Energy from electrons in transport chain pump H+ across Thylakoid membrane |
| Light-Dependent Reactions step 4 | Energy absorbed from sunlight is transferred to electrons |
| Light-Dependent Reactions step 5 | high-energy electrons used to produce NADPH (energy carrying molecules) |
| Light-Dependent Reactions step 6 | H + ions diffuse through channel in thylakoid membrane |
| Light-Dependent Reactions step 7 | The channel is part of ATP synthase which makes ATP |
| Light-Independent Reactions step 1 | Carbon dioxide enters Calvin cycle |
| Light-Independent Reactions step 2 | Energy added to molecules in cycle. splits 6-carbon sugar into 2 three-carbon sugars |
| Light-Independent Reactions step 3 | high energy 3-carbon molecule leaves cycle |
| Light-Independent Reactions step 4 | energy added to molecules remaining in the cycle to change them into a five-carbon molecule |
| Calvin Cycle is light independent/dependent: | light independent |
| Cellular respiration: | Process through which sugars and other carbon-based molecules are broken down to produce ATP when oxygen is available |
| Glycolysis: | anaerobic process in cytoplasm that splits glucose into 2 three-carbon molecules |
| Steps to cellular respiration | see chart 4.4 |
| Write the equation for cellular respiration: | C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> -> -> 6CO2 + 6H2O ---- ATP |
| Krebs Cycle step 1 | Pyruvate broken down; CO2 released |
| Krebs Cycle step 2 | Coenzymes A Binds; intermediate enters Krebs cycle |
| Krebs Cycle step 3 | Citric acid (6-carbon molecules) formed |
| Krebs Cycle step 4 | Citric acid broken down; NADH made CO2 release |
| Krebs Cycle step 5 | 5-carbon molecule broken down NADH and ATP |
| Krebs Cycle step 6 | 4-carbon molecules rearranged NADH and FADH2 made |
| Electron Transport Chain step 1 | Energized electrons removed from NADH and FADH2. Forms H2O waste - by product |
| Electron Transport Chain step 2 | Energy from electrons in the electron transport chain is used to pump H+ ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane |
| Electron Transport Chain step 3 | H+ ions flow through ATP synthase and ATP molecules are produced |
| Oxygen's role in cellular respiration: | Oxygen picks up electrons that went through the electrons transport chain and H+ ions |
| Glycolysis with O2: | Celular respiration |
| Glycolysis without O2: | Fermenation |
| Fermenation: | process that allows glycolysis to continue when oxygen is NOT available. Doesn't produce ATP. |
| Lactic Acid Fermenation: | (anaerobic) - animals and some bacteria |
| Alcoholic Fermenation: | (anaerobic) - plants and fungi/bacteria |
| Uses of Fermenation: | yogurt (lactic), cheese (lactic), bread (alcoholic) |
| Lactic Acid Fermenation Process: | Pyruvate and NADH enter fermenation: NADH is used to convert pyruvate into LACTIC ACID (see diagram 4.6) |
| Alcoholic Fermenation Process: | Breaks down pyruvate into alcohol and CO2 gas (see graph 4.6) |
| Chlorophyll | a molecule in chloroplasts that absorbs some of the energy in visible light. |
| Photosynthesis takes place in two parts of a chloroplast: | the grana and the stroma |
| Thylakoids | coin-shaped, membrane-enclosed compartments inside the grana |
| Chloroplast | membrane-bound organelle where photosynthesis takes place in plants |
| Why is the photosynthesis equation often written with several arrows? | Because many chemical reactions occur with the help of many enzymes |
| Function of the light-dependent reactions: | to capture and transfer energy |
| Photosystems: | are groups of molecules that capture and transfer energy |
| The two molecules that carry energy to the light-independent reactions are: | ATP and NADPH |
| Calvin Cycle uses enery from the light-dependent reactions to convert _____ into sugars | carbon dioxide |
| The electron transport is a series of ___ | proteins |
| Two parts of a mitochondrion where cellular respiration takes place: | Matrix and inner mitochondrial membrane |
| Three molecules are formed during glycolysis when oxygen is available. ____ and ___ are used in cellular respiration. _____ can be used for cell processes. | Pyruvate, NADH, and ATP |
| Function of Krebs cycle: | To produce energy-carriers from the breakdown of carbon-based molecules |
| The electron transport chain in cellular respiration is located: | on the inner mitochondrial membrane |
| Electron transport chain uses energy from | electrons |
| Cellular respiration can only operate when oxygen is available to pick up ____ at the end of the electron transport chain. | electrons |
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