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Phsyio Ch. 11
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| endocrine glands are..and they secrete into the... | ductless...bloodstream |
| endocrine glands secrete...which are... | hormones...chemical messengers carried in the blood |
| hormones influence | target cells |
| hormones are transported either as | water soluble hormones or lipid and protein hormones |
| water soluble hormones do what | dissolve in plasma |
| lipid and protein hormones can either be...but most are... | free and protein boudn...protein bound (longer term) |
| only...can act | free hormones |
| free hormone + ... <> ... | plasma protein...hormone-protein complex |
| transporting hormones depends on | plasma hormone concentration and hormone availability |
| plasma hormone concentration: what plus what equals what | free + protein bound = total concentration |
| hormone availability is the amount of | unbound hormoens |
| hormone metabolism depends on | removal and activation |
| removal includes | plasma hormones and used hormones |
| plasma hormones are...which are more likely to be...and are excreted from the... | free hormones...acted upon...kidneys and secreted in urine |
| metabolic transformation of hormones happens by | liver |
| used hormones are taken up by | target cells |
| activation of hormones: metabolism happens in the...and final metabolism is in the... | plasma...target cells |
| metabolism in the plasma involves...>...>...which requires the.. | angiotensinogen > angiotensin I > angiotensin II...renin and angiotensin converting enzyme |
| final metabolism in the the target cells involves... > ... | testosterone > dihydrotestosterone (what is actually used) |
| hormone action includes | messenger-receptor interaction, down and up reg of receptors and permissiveness |
| messenger-receptor interaction involves | specificity |
| down reg of receptors increases | exposure to the hormone leads to down regulation |
| down reg. prevents | over-stimulation |
| up reg of receptors does what...which... | dec. exposure to the hormone leads to up regulation...increases stimulation |
| permissiveness allows another hormone to...or to.. | act...add effects of two hormones for greater impact |
| permissiveness is the...and usually involves... | synergistic effect of two hormones...cck and secretin |
| hormone secretion: signals for secretion include | plasma chemical concentration, autonomic nervous system and neurotransmitters as well as brain control |
| plasma chemical concentration: example : | plasma [glucose] and [insulin] - if you increase one you increase the other |
| autonomic nervous system and neurotransmitters involve the...and what glands... | sym and para systems..adrenal gland and other endocrine glands |
| symp and para act mainly on | alpha and beta cells in pancreas |
| brai control involves the...and it is...and it involves the... | hypothalamus...direct control...anterior and posterior pituitary |
| hormone sequences can either be | one, two or three hormone sequences |
| one hormone sequence is when you have a...and an example would be... | primary gland and hormone...pancreas and insulin |
| two hormone sequence involves... | primary gland and hormone as well as secondary gland and hormone |
| the primary gland is the | end result that you want |
| an example of two hormone sequence would be | hypothalamus and dopamine(2nd gland and hormone) > anterior pituitary and prolactin (primary gland and hormone) |
| three hormone sequence involves | primary, secondary and tertiary gland and hormone |
| example of three hormone sequence | hypothal & thyroid releasing hormone(3rd) > ant. pit & thyroid stimulating hormone (2nd) > thyroid and thyroid hormone (1st) |
| hyposecretion is when...and can either be... | not enough hormone is secreted...tertiary, secondary or primary |
| tertiary hyposecretion is when there is... | reduced action of the hypothalamus and hypophysiotropic hormone secretion |
| tertiary hyposecretion can occur in a...because if you dont trigger the..then you dont trigger the... | three hormone system...hypothalamus...ant pit, target endocrine gland and final target cells |
| ex of tertiary hyposecretion | dec thyroid releasing hormone from the hypothalamus |
| secondary hyposecretion is...and can occur in... | reduced action of the ant pit and tropic hormone secretion...three or two hormone system |
| 2ndary hyposecretion in 3 hormone system ex | dec thyroid stimulating hormone from the ant. pit |
| 2ndary hyposecretion in 2 hormone system only involves | hypothalamus > ant pit > final target cells |
| primary hyposecretion is...and can occur in... | reduced hormone secretion by the primary gland...one two or three hormone system |
| primary hypo in 3 hormone system ex | dec thyroid hormone from thyroid gland |
| primary hypo in 2 hormone system ex | hypothalamus > ant pit > final target cells |
| primary hypo in 1 hormone system ex | endocrine gland > target cells |
| hypersecretion can either be | tertiary, secondary or primary |
| tertiary hypersecretion is...and can occur in... | increased action of the hypothalamus, and excess hypophysiotropic hormone secretion...three hormone system |
| tertiary hypersecretion involves...and ex would be... | hypothalamus > ant pit > target endocrine gland > final target cells...^ thyroid releasing hormone from hypothalamus |
| secondary hypersecretion is...and can occur in.. | increased action of ant pit and excess tropic hormone secretion...three or two hormone system |
| secondary hyper in 3 hormone system ex | ^ thyroid stimulating hormone from the ant pit |
| secondary hyper in 2 hormone system afffects | hypothalamus > ant pit > final target cells |
| primary hyper is...and can occur in... | excess hormone secretion by the primary gland...1 2 or 3 hormoen system |
| primary hyper in 3 hormone system ex: | ^ thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland |
| primary hyper in 2 hormone system affects | hypothalamus > ant pit > final target cells |
| primary hyper in 1 hormone system affects | endocrine gland > target cells |
| hyporesponsiveness is ..and occurs in... | reduced ability or inability to respond to hormone...diabetes mellitus type II |
| hyperresponsiveness is | increased response to the hormone |
| hypothalamus function is | regulatory and production |
| pituitary is also called the..and includes... | hypophysis...anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary |
| anterior pituitary is also called the...and is developmentally an extension of the... | adenohypophysis...pharynx |
| the post pituitary is also called...and developmentally an extension of... | neurohypophysis...hypothalamus |
| infundibulum is the | connecting stalk between hypo and pituitary |
| infundibulum contains the | hypothalamo-pituitary portal vessel and paraventricular nuclei axons |
| hypothalamo-pituitary portal vessel goes to the...and...is released from..to... | anterior pituitary...trophic hormones...hypothalamus..ant pit |
| paraventricular nuclei axons orginate in...and goes to the | hypothalamus..post pituitary |
| paraventricular nuclei axons: hormones released from the...to the... | paraventricular nuclei...capillaries in the post pit |
| post pit hormones are really...because they are produced... | hypothalamic...hypothalamus and released into the post pit capillaries |
| post pit hormones include | oxytocin and vasopressin |
| oxytocin is involved in | uterine contraction and milk secretion in lactation |
| vasopressin does...resulting in | vasoconstriction...^ blood pressure |
| vasopressin also does | h20 reabsorption in the renal collecting ducts |
| anterior pituitary hormones include | gonadotropic hormones, growth hormones, thyroid-stimulating hormone, prolactin and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
| gonadotropic hormones include | follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) |
| LH has..and... | germ cell development...sex hormone production |
| growth hormone promotes | cell division in bones and other tissues and protein synthesis in muscles |
| GH has...action that makes... | anti-insulin...nutrients available for growth (stay in blood stream) |
| GH stimulates | liver production of insulin-like growth factor |
| thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) does | thyroid stimulation for release of thyroid hormones |
| prolactin is for | milk production |
| ACTH is for | adrenal cortex stimulation for release of cortisol and aldosterone |
| hypothalamus input to the anterior pituitary includes | hypophysiotropic hormones |
| hypophysiotropic hormones include | tropic hormoens, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, growht hormone releasing hormone, somatostatin, thyroid releasing homone, dopamine, prolactin releasing factor, corticotropin-releasing hormone |
| tropic hormones for the..from the...and produced in... | ant pit...hypothalamus...hypothalamic neurons |
| tropic hormones are released into the...for... | hypothalamo-pit portal vein...direct transport |
| gonadotropin releasing hormone include | FSH and LH stimulation |
| growth hormone releasing hormone includes | GH stimulation |
| somatostatin does | GH inhibition |
| thyroid releasing hormone does | TSH stimulation |
| dopamine is like the...and it does... | off switch...prolactin inhibition (normal condition) |
| proalctin releasing factor includes...and is like the..bec it does... | gonadotropin releasing hormone and thyroid rleasing hormone...on switch...prolactin stimulation |
| three hormone sequence involves | hypophysiotropic hormone, ant pit hormone and target gland hormone |
| hypophysiotropic hormone would be the | thyroid releasing hormone |
| ant pit hormoen would be | thyroid stimulating hormone |
| target gland hormone would be | thyroid hormone |
| regulation of hypothalamus and ant pit involves | long and short loop negative feedback |
| long-loop negative feedback is regulated b y...which inhibits... | third hormone...hypothalamus and ant pituitary |
| short loop neg feedback involves...which inhibits... | second hormone...hypothalamus |
| thyroid gland hormones include | thyroxine (t4) and triiodothyroinin (t3) |
| T4 is the...and most is converted to... | major plasma transport form...T3 in target cells |
| T3 is the | primary functional form of the hormone |
| 3 and 4 refer to the | number of iodines attached |
| function of thyroid gland hormones include | protien synthesis regulation, metabolic actions, permissive actions and growth/development |
| t3 and t4 receptors are in the...which is why they can do.. | nucleus...protein synthesis regulation |
| metabolic actions of t3 and 4 are to | increase metabolism and heat production (calorigenic hormoens = ^ BMR) |
| permissive actions of t3 and 4 include | potentiating actions of epi and norepi (synergistic effect) |
| growth and development of t3 and 4 is necessary for...and TH is necessary for... | nervous system development...growth hormone production and secretion |
| clincal problems with thyroid gland include | cretinism, hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism |
| cretinism is | mental retardation due to lack of TH during fetal development |
| hypothyroidism includes..and happens bec... | goiters, primary secondary and tertiary hypothyroidism...thyroid is not functional |
| goiters develop due to | over stimulation of TSH (no feedback to shut the system off) |
| primary hypothyroidism is when you...and involves... | dec thyroid gland secretion...insufficient dietary iodine and hashimoto's disease |
| hashimoto's disease is | autoimmune destruction of the thyroid |
| secondary hypothyroidism is | dec ant pit secretion of tsh |
| tertiary hypothyroidism is | dec hypothalamus secretion of trh |
| hyperthyroidism is when the...and includes... | thyroid is over functional...thyroid tumors and graves disease |
| thyroid tumors increase | number of secretory cells |
| graves disease is an...where... | autoimmune disease...antibody produced by the immue system mimics TSH and activates the TH receptors |
| antibodies in grave's disease do not provide | the normal neg. feedback |
| adrenal glands include the...which produces... | adrenal cortex...cortisol, androgens and aldosterone |
| cortisol is a...that does... | glucocorticoid steroid...metabolism of glucose and other nutrients |
| cortisol increases | gluconeogenesis , protein catabolism and lipolysis |
| cortisol also does | suppression of overreaction of the immune system |
| androgens are...witch actions similar to | steroid...testosterone |
| androgens are important in...and they have... | both sexes in development and at puberty and in females after puberty...masculinizing effects in genitalia development |
| androgens do...as well as... | muscle growth and body hair at puberty...female sex drive and some estrogen production |
| aldosterone is a...that does... | mineralcorticoid steroid...na and h20 reabsorption and k secretion |
| adrenal medulla produces | epi and norepi |
| epi is produced from...and has actions similar to... | norepi...symp system actions |
| cortisol actions in stress: normal or...has... | short-term stress...beneficial effects on the immune system, metabolically and blood pressure |
| normal or short term stress is beneficial to the immune system because | it reduces fever and inflammation |
| metabolically, short term stress or normal stress cortisol levels.. | increase gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, lipolysis and protein catabolism |
| increased gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, lipolysis and protein catabolism causes | ^ availability of other nutrients to keep glucose available to CNS |
| normal/short term effects of stress on cortisol and blood pressure: | cortisol bounteracts vasodilators to increase vasoconstriction which counteracts hypotension to maintain blood pressure |
| chronic stress leads to...such as... | negative effects...immunosuppression, excess losses in bone density, muscle mass, immune function, fertility, ^ blood pressure to hypertension levels, ^ blood lipid levels & risk of ahterosclerosis and dec sensitivity to insulin (esp. diabetics) |
| immunosuppression decreases | immunity including ability to detect and destroy cancer cells |
| clinical problems with adrenal glands include | adrenal insufficiency and excess adrenal action |
| adrenal insufficiency is...which affects... | hyposecretion...ability to metabolize, blood pressure, na,k,h20 balance |
| adrenal insufficiency: primary: | dec adrenal gland secretion |
| primary adrenal insufficiency includes...which is a...which causes... | addison's disease( add some more)...autoimmune destruction of the adrenal gland...dec cortisol, aldosterone and androgens |
| secondary adrenal insufficiency leads to | deec ant pit secretion of ACTH |
| tertiary adrenal insufficiency leads to | dec hypothalamus secretiong of CRH |
| excess adrenal action is...resulting from... | hypersecretion...chronic stress |
| excess adrenal actions effects are similar to.. | chronic stress: excess cortisol |
| primary excessive adrenal action leads to...which includes... | ^ adrenal gland secretion...cushings syndrome(cusion of hormones) |
| secondary excess adrenal action leads to...and includes... | ^ ant pit secretion of ACTH...cushings disease (often a tumor of the pituitary) |
| reproductive organs as glands include | gonads (testes and ovaries) |
| the testes prdocue | testosterone and small amounts of estradiol |
| ovaries produce | estrogens and small amounts of testosterone |
| estrogens include | estradiol and estrone |
| growth regulation happens in the | hypothalamus |
| the hypo controls growth via..that stimulates... | GHRH...ant pit GH secretion |
| in the hypo, somatostatin | inhiibts ant pit GH secretion |
| hypo feedback for growth reg. involves | short loop feedback (plasma [GH]) and long loop (plasma [IGF-I) |
| growth hormone is involved in...where it stimulates.. | postnatal growth...epiphyseal plate growth for bone lengthening and release of insulin-like growht factors (IGF-I): liver and other cells |
| insulin-like growth factors promote | mitosis and protein synthesis in cells |
| other influencing hormones on growht include | thyroid hormone, insulin, sex hormones and cortisol |
| thyroid hormone fetally influences growth via..and postnatally via.. | nervous sytem development...GH production |
| insulin influences growth fetally via promoting...and postnatally via.. | mitosis and cell division...protein synthesis |
| sex hormones that influence growth prepubertally:...puberty:...and testosterone:... | ^ secretion of GH and IGF-I for growth spurt...stimulate epiphyseal closure...anabolic effect of muscle tissue growth |
| cortisol influences growth by | increasing levels of cortisol due to illness or stress > dec growth and ^ protein catabolism |
| clinical problems with growth include | hyposecretion and hypersecretion |
| hyposecretion affects growth and results in...which is... | dwarfism...dec GH and IGF-I secretion |
| primary hyperecretion affects growth by | increasing ant pit gland secretion usually bec of an ant pit tumor |
| hypersecretion affects growth and results in either | gigantism: before puberty (accentuated growth) or acromegaly: after puberty (thickened bones in hands feet and face) |
| ca homeostasis involves | calcium distribution and levels |
| ca distribution- 99% is stored in...and the rest is stored in... | bones...cells and plasma |
| in the plasma, calcium is either | unbound (60%) or bound(40%) to plasma protein (stuck in plasma) |
| hypercalcemia is...and can either be... | excess plasma ca...primary hyperparathyroidism or humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy |
| primary hyperparathyroidism is an...caused by... | increase in parathyroid function...benign tumor of the parathyroid |
| humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy is when..is released by...and results in... | PTH related peptide...some cancer cells...increased plasma ca levels but decreased parathyroid function |
| hypocalcemia is...and can either be... | low plasma ca...primary hypoparathyroidism or pseudohypoparathyroidism |
| primary hypoparathyroidism is a...and pseudohypoparathyroidism results in... | dec parathyroid function...dec response to parathyroid hormone |
| calcium sources | bone remodeling and diet |
| bone remodeling involves | osteoclasts (break down bone to get ca in plasma) and osteoblasts ( ca in storage) |
| diet involves | GI tract absorbing a small amt of ca and eliminates the rest |
| your diet requires | 1.25 dihydroxyvitamin D |
| ca homeostasis involves what hormones | parathyroid hormone and 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D |
| if there is a dec in plasma ca2 then....>... | ^ PTH release > ^ ca reabsorption in kidneys, vitamin d release, osteoclast action and phosphate excretion |
| ^ phosphate excretion means youre getting more...bec its released from...and more is being.. | plasma phosphate...bone (PTH)...absorbed in intestine |
| vitamin d takes...>...>...>... | 7-dehydroxycholesterol > vitamin d3 > 25 hyrdoxyvitamin D > vitamin d |
| vitamin d stimulates | absorption of ca in the intestines |
| pth stimulates | the final production of 1,25 vitamin d |
| calcitonin has no..it just... | day to day regulation of ca...decreases release of ca via osteoclasts (less active) |
| if there is an increase in ca > ...>...>... | ^ calcitonin release > dec osteoclast activity > dec plasma ca2 |
Created by:
handrzej
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