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mass media 14 & 15
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| fourth estate | the press as a player in medieval power structures, in addition to the clerical, noble and common estates |
| Edmund Burke | British member of parliament who is sometimes credited with coining the term fourth estate |
| fourth branch | the press as an informally structured check on the legislative, executive and judicial branches of U.S government |
| watchdog role | concept of the press as a skeptical and critical monitor of government |
| equal time rule | government requirement for stations to offer competing political candidates the same time period and the same rate for advertising |
| fairness doctrine | former government requirement that stations air all sides of public issues |
| Don Burden | Radio station owner who lost licenses because he favored some political candidates over others |
| Tornillo opinion | the U.S Supreme Court upheld First Amendment protection for the print media even if they are imbalanced and unfair |
| Maxwell McCombs, Don Shaw | scholars whose agenda-setting ideas further displaced powerful effect theory |
| agenda-setting | the process through which issues bubble up into public attention through mass media selection of what to cover |
| CNN Effect | the ability of television, through emotion-raising video, to elevate distant issue on the domestic public agenda |
| framing | selecting aspects of a perceived reality for emphasis in a mass media message, thereby shaping how the audience sees the reality |
| horse race | An election campaign treated by reporters like a game-- who's ahead, who's falling back, who's coming up the rail |
| sound bites | the actual voice of someone in the news, sandwiched into a correspondent's report |
| trial balloon | a deliberate leak of a potential policy, usually from a diversionary source, to test public response |
| leak | a deliberate disclosure of confidential or classified information by someone who wants to advance the public interest, embarrass a bureaucratic rival or supervisor, or disclose incompetence or skullduggery |
| pseudo-event | a staged event to attract media attention, usually lacking substance |
| photo op | short for "photo opportunity" a staged event, usually photogenic,used to attract media attention |
| negative ads | political campaign advertising, usually on television, in which candidates criticize the opponents rather than emphasizing their own platforms |
| attack ads | a subspecies of negative ads, especially savage in criticizing an opponent, many playing loosely with context and facts |
| 527 status | for political support groups that independently create and finance campaign advertising |
| section 312 | requires broadcasters to carry ads for federal candidates |
| section 315 | Requires stations to sell equal time to competing candidates |
| straw donor | a person who uses someone else's money to make a political contribution |
| political action committee | creations of corporations, labor unions and ideological organizations to collect money to support candidates |
| First National Bank of Boston | Litigant in U.S Supreme Court decision allowing corporations to advertise for and against ballot initiatives (FNB v. Bellotti, 1977) |
| Citizens United | U.S Supreme Court decision allowing corporations to buy advertising directly for and against political candidates (Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, 2010) |
| swiftboating | smear campaigns, generally by 527s |
| authoritarianism | top-down governance such as a monarchy or dictatorshop |
| Henry VIII | English king whose censorship epitomized early authoritarianism |
| pre-publication censorship | authorities preview material before dissemination |
| King James I | articulated the divine-right-of-kings theory |
| divine right of kings | proper decisions follow the monarch's will, which is linked to the Almighty |
| John Milton | Early libertarian thinker |
| marketplace of ideas | an unbridled forum for free inquiry and free expression |
| Enlightenment | a movement emphasizing reason and individualism |
| self-righting process | although people make occasional errors in truth-seeking, they eventually discover and correct them |
| Thomas Paine | Revolutionary War pamphleteer who defined libertarianism for common readers |
| Thomas Jefferson | among libertarian drafters of Declaration of Independence |
| natural rights | inherent human rights, including self-determination |
| First Amendment | the free-expression section of the U.S constitution |
| microblogging | online exchange forum, typically of sentence fragments |
| Edwin Stanton | U.S secretary of state who organized Civil War censorship of sensitive military news |
| rice-roots reporting | uncensored field reporting from the Vietnam War |
| Pool system | reporters chosen on a rotating basis to cover an event to which access is limited |
| Victoria Clarke | Designed policy to embed war reporters in combat units |
| nation-state | a sovereign state whose people share a political system and usually language or ethnicity |
| WikiLeaks | Unaffiliated online source that posts secret government and corporate documents. Designed to correct abusive practices and promote public dialogue and involvement |
| Julian Assange | Founder of WikiLeaks |
| principled leaking | concept that government and corporate employees serve a better good in whistle-blowing on corrupt, deceitful and secret practices |
| U.S Agency for International Development (USAID) | government agency that administers non-military foreign aid |
| nation building | encouraging governance and infrastructure systems in developing countries |
| soft diplomacy | government's low-key initiatives to create a favorable context for foreign relations. Includes direct-to-the-people media messages |
| Radio Farda | U.S government Farsi language service aimed at Iran and Iraq |
| Radio and Televison Marti | U.S propaganda station aimed at Cuba |
| Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty | U.S propaganda stations aimed at countries in Eastern Europe, Central Asia, and the Middle East without a free flow of information |
| Voice of America | U.S government-funded producer of broadcast and internet programming sent into nations with state-controlled media to articulate U.S policies directly to the people |
| Golden Shield Firewall | Chinese system to control internal internet communication within the country |
| Hammad bin Khalifa | Founder of Al-Jazeera television news network |
| Al-Jazeera | Qatar-based satellite news channel for Arab audiences; now global |
| propaganda | widespread promotion of particular ideas, doctrines usually loose with truth or designed to promote a distinctly partisan or sectarian view |
| Dubai Media Incorporated | Quasi-government agency building Dubai into a Mideast entertainment production center |
| Liu Di | under the pseudonym Stainless Steel Mouse, she satirized the Chinese government until arrested and silenced |
| Emergency Response Law | Chinese limits on news reporting of disasters, ostensibly to ensure social stability |
| embeds | news reporters who are with military units on missions |
| prior censorship | government review of content before dissemination |
| firewall | a block on unauthorized access to a computer system while permitting outward communication |
| Next Carrying Network (CN2) | Fast Chinese internet protocols built on new technical standards; incompatible with other protocols |
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emilyclawson
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