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Physio Ch. 14 A
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| renal functions include the regulation of...excretion of...synthesis of...and it involves the... | internal fluids...metabolic wastes and foreign materials...new glucose...endocrine gland |
| regulating the internal fluid involves the | volume of fluids and concentration of ions |
| excretion of metabolic wastes includes...from...and...from... | urea and creatinine..muscle creatine...urobilin..breakdown of non-iron heme (old RBC) |
| excretion of foreign materials include things like | drugs |
| synthesis of new glucose is called | gluconeogenesis |
| endocrine gland secretes | erythropoietin, renin and vitamin D |
| renal system includes | kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra |
| kidneys are...include...function to... | paired and retroperitoneal...nephrons...urine production |
| ureters do...and are.. | urine transport..retroperitoneal |
| urinary bladder does | urine storage |
| urethra does | urine transport |
| kidney structure | renal capsule, renal cortex, renal medulla, renal pelvis |
| the renal medulla contains the | renal pyramids |
| nephrons and closely associated blood vessels include | renal corpuscle, tubules, cortical nephrons and juxtamedullary nephrons |
| renal corpuscle includes two things | bowman's capsule and glomerulus |
| 3 types of tubules | proximal, loop of henle, distal convulted |
| proximal tubule leads off of...and has two parts... | glomerular capsule...convoluted and straight |
| loop of henle is also called the...and has two parts.. | nephron loop...descending and ascending limbs |
| distal convoluted tubule goes to the | collecting ducts |
| the cortical nephrons are the...going to... | efferent artiole > peritubular capillary network |
| juxtamedullary nephrons go from...to... | efferent artieroles > vasa recta |
| collecting ducts go to the...and include... | minor and major calices...cortical and medullary collecting ducts |
| the glomerulus goes to... | bowmna's space in bowman's capsule (both of these are in the renal corpuscle) |
| bowman's space goes to...then to... | proximal convoluted tubules...proximal straight tubule |
| proximal straight tubule goes to...then to..then to...to make up the.. | descending limb of loop of henle...thin segment of ascending limb of loop of henle...thick segment of ascending limb of loop of henle...loop of henle |
| thick segment of ascending limb of loop of henle goes to... | distal convoluted tubule |
| distal convoluted tubule goes to..then to...to make up the... | cortical collecting duct...medullary collecting duct...collecting duct system |
| medullary collecting duct goes to the | renal pelvis |
| renal corpuscle includes the..to the...which then has the...going away from... | afferent arteriole...glomerulus...efferent arteriole...glomerulus |
| efferent arterial in the renal corpuscle is either the | vasa recta branch of the peritubular cap. network |
| nephron tubules include | efferent artiole, peritubular capillary network and vasa recta |
| the peritubular capillary network includes the | cortical nephrons in the cortex |
| vasa recta includes the | juxtamedullary nephrons |
| renal corpuscle includes the | bowman's capule and glomerulus |
| bowman's capsule has three parts | parietal layer(outside), bowman's space, and visceral layer (inside) |
| visceral layer of bowman's capsule includes the | podocytes (feet that interdigit and form filtration slits) and basement membrane |
| glomerulus structure | endothelium (fenestrated capillaries) and basement membrane |
| fenestrated capillaries are | intercellular clefts for filtration of material |
| nephron tubule structure | simple epithelium and basement membrane |
| proximal tubule includes | proximal convoluted next to glomerular capsule and proximal straight leading to the loop of henle |
| loop of henle includes the | descending limb and ascendingn limb |
| the ascending limb leads into the | distal convoluted tubule |
| juxtaglomerular apparatus includes the | macula densa and juxtaglomerular cells |
| macula densa is responsible for | na content in filtrate |
| macula densa is the junction of | ascending loop of henle and distal convoluted tubule |
| juxtaglomerular cells include the...and produces... | afferent arteriole ...renin to modify Na |
| mesangial cells are not part of...but are in the same area | juxtaglomerular apparatus |
| mesangial cells are...that surround... | smooth muscle cells(modified)...loops of glomerular capillary |
| mesangial cells regulate | blood flow |
| mesangial cells reduce | surface area of capillary to dec filtration |
| urine formation happens through 3 steps | glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion |
| glomerular filtration occurs in | renal corpuscle |
| glomerular filtrat = | product but it is not urine yet |
| tubular reabsorption happens along the | entire length of nephron - past the corpuscle to collecting ducts |
| tubular reabsorption happens in the | proximal tubule, loop of henle and distal convoluted tubule |
| tubular reabsorption involves moving materials from...in order to... | filtrate to blood..retain good material |
| tubular secretion is into the...and involves the... | urine...distal convoluted tubule |
| tubular secretion involves materials moved from...in order to... | blood to filtrate...remove unwated material |
| the amount excreted = | amnt filtered + amt secreted - amoutn reabsorbed |
| the amounts | vary with physiological control |
| amt excreted = amt filtered + amt secreted - amt reabsorbed: glomerular filtration & some tubular secretion | excretion > filtration |
| glomerular filtration and some tubular reabsorption | excretion < filtration |
| glomerular filtration and total tubular reabsorption | excretion< filtration (glucose) |
| filtrate components | water and small dissolved substances |
| filtrate does not consist of | cellular components or large plasma proteins/substances that are transported bound to plasma proteins |
| filtration process happens through | bulk flow - net filtration |
| net filtration involves | hydrostatic pressure (P) and osmotic force(pi) |
| hydrostatic pressure is the...vs... | blood hydrostatic pressure of capillary...bowman's space hydrostatic pressure |
| hydrostatic pressure - what is greater than what | Pgc (out) > Pbs(in) |
| net movement w/ hydrostatic pressure is | out of blood to bowman's space |
| osmotic force (pi) is the | protein concentration of glomerular capillary (no proteins in bowman's space) |
| piGC goes...which draws... | in..water in |
| net movement of Pi is | in |
| net glomerular filtration pressure = | Pgc - Pbs - PIgc or Pgc - (Pbs + PIgc) |
| filtration means you should always...and not... | filter...reabsorb in the glomerulus |
| glomerular filtrate rate is measured as | volume per unit time |
| a 70 kg person - | 180 L/24 hours or 7.5 L/hr |
| how many L of plasma is filtered how many times per day..to get rid of... | 3 L - 60 x per day..potential toxins |
| factors affecting glomerular filtration rate | mesangial cells and afferent/efferent arteriole pressure |
| mesangial cells contraction results in | dec surface area to glomerular capillaries (less ability to filter out) |
| if you vasoconstrict afferent/efferent arterioles then you | ^ resistance, dec flow into glomerular, dec filtration |
| afferent and efferent arteriole pressure involves the equation...and also... | f=change in pressure/r...NE transmitter and alpha-adrenergic receptors |
| NE does either | vasoconstriction or vasodilation |
| vasoconstriction ^...which ^...which^...which ^..which dec... | symp activity..NE...vasoconstriction...resistance...flow |
| vasodilation dec...dec..dec..dec..^ | symp activity...NE...vasodilation...resistance..flow |
| effects of altering afferent arteriole diameter | vasoconstriction > ^ resistance > dec flow > dec filtration rate |
| vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole means pressure | dissipates in overcoming resistance |
| vasodilating the afferent arteriole | > dec resistance > ^ flow > ^ filtration rate |
| effects of altering efferent artiole are | opposite of afferent arteriole |
| vasoconstricting efferent arteriole...which essentially... | ^ resistance > dec flow > ^ filtration rate ...backs up blood |
| vasodilating efferent arteriole > ..which essentially means | dec resistance > ^ flow > dec filtration rate...blood flows through quickly |
| filtered load is the amount of | non-protein or non-protein bound substance (bec they can't be filtered)filtered per day |
| filtered load = | glomerular filtration rate x plasma concentration of the substance |
| net tubular reabsorption or net secretion is the amount in | urine v filtered load |
| filtered does not equal | excretion |
| possibilities for net tubular reabsorption or net secretion | filtered = excretion (don't reabosrb or secret), filtered < excretion (secretion), filtered > excretion (reabsorption) |
| why do we reabsorb? | bec we way over-filter in glomerular filtration - we want to return good material to the blood |
| mechanisms of reabsorption directions | from tubule lumen to interstitial fluid or from interstitial fluid to capillary |
| from tubule lumen to interstitial fluid the stuff can be reabsorbed through either | diffusion or mediated transport |
| diffusion from tubule means that you | pass between cells (concentration gradients) |
| mediated transport is...through the... | active transprot...transcellular pathway |
| going from interstitial fluid to capillary can happen through either | diffusion or bulk flow |
| reabsorption by diffusion follows | concentration gradient |
| reabsorption by mediated transport is often | secondary active transport |
| secondary active transport sets up | Na gradient using the pump |
| secondary active transport means that the | second compound follows na movment (like w/ glucose) |
| transport maximum is abbreviated as...and it means there is a limit to... | Tmax...rate of transport |
| limiting the rate of transport involves | # of transporters, turn-over rate of transporters |
| if filtered load > tmax then... | substance present in urine |
| filtered load > tmax then substance present in urine results in...and involves... | glucosuria (plasma [glucose] > 180 mg/dl)...water soluble vitamins like vitamin C, B complex |
| regulation of transporters includes | hormones, paracrine an autocrine chemicals |
| tubular secretion is into the...tubular reabsorption is into the... | filtrate...blood stream |
| tubular secretion removes...from.. | unwated material...peritubular capillary to tubule lumen |
| tubular secretion increases...and includes... | the amount removed by glumerular filtration ...H+, K+, creatinine and drugs |
| mechanisms of secretion include going from...and to... | capillary (or interstitial fluid) to interstitial fluid (tubule lumen) |
| secretion from capillary to interstitial fluid is done through | diffusion and bulk flow |
| secretion from interstitial fluid to tubule lumen happens through | diffusion into the tubule or mediated transport |
| diffusion into the tubule means that the substance | passes between the cells |
| mediated transport involves...throught the... | active transport...transcellular pathway |
| secretion by diffusion follows | concentration gradient |
| secretion by mediated transport is often...and it involves...and it does... | 2ndary active transport...transport maximum ...transporters |
| 2ndary active transport sets up...and the second compound... | na+ gradient...follows na+ movement |
| transport maximum is abbreviated...and itmeans there is a limit to | Tmax...rate of transport (# of transporters and turn-over rate of transporters) |
| regulation of transporters via | hormones and paracrin/autocrine chemicals |
| other functions of the tubules(kidneys) include | metabolic action - anabolism and catabolism |
| anabolism involves...and catabolism involves | gluconeogensis...cellular breakdown of organics and some peptides |
| the peptides weren't | broken down by the intestines or processed by the liver |
| renal clearance is the v olume of | plasma you removed a solute from |
| clerance of s = | mass s excreted per time/plasma [s] |
| CS | (US * V)/PS |
| cs = | clearance of S |
| US = | urine concentration of S |
| V = | urine volume per unit time |
| PS= | plasma concentration of S |
| (US*V) = | total amount in the urine |
| example of clearance: CS = 5L/hr means the substance is removed | from 5 L of plasma in 1 hour |
| clearance tells you how well the | glomerulus and bowman's space is working |
| inulin clearance is perfect for...because... | measuring clearance...it is filtered but not reabsorbed or secreted |
| inulin is a..which means you get it in the body... | polysaccharide not normally found in the body...intravenously |
| inulin clearance = ...thus it can be used to... | GFR...montior GFR |
| P[IN] = 4 mg/L, U(IN) = 300 mg/L, V = .1 L/hr, C(IN) =? | (300 * .1)/4 = 30/4 = 7.5L/hr |
| if the clearance is less than 7.5L/hr then the kidneys | aren't working properly |
| other compounds besides inulin are | either reabsorbed or secreted |
| clearance does not = | GFR |
| howwould you get clearance < GFR?...such as with... | reabsorbing...calcium |
| how would you get clearance > GFR?...which is seen with... | more secretion...creatine from skeletal muscle (slight increase over GFR) |
| clinically, creatinine is used to determine..because... | clearance...it is only slightly > than GFR |
| how would you get clearance = 0...as seen with.. | completely reabsorb....glucose |
| urination involves the | urinary bladder and urethra |
| the urinary bladder is controlled by what 3 things | detrusor muscle, internal and external urethral sphincter |
| the detrusor muscle in the normal state is...and it includes...that do what... | relaxed(so it can fill and stretch with urine)...stretch receptors...tell brain the amt of stretch |
| internal and external urethral sphincter in the normal state are | contracted/closed |
| neural innervation or control of the detrusor muscle | parasymp |
| neural control of internal urethral sphincter | sympathetic stimulation |
| neural control of external urethral sphincter | somatic motor stimuatlion (voluntary) |
| micturation involves the...which involves stimulation of..and inhibition of... | stretch reflex...detrusor...internal and external urethral sphincters |
| voluntary control means you can | prevent and promote micturition |
| prevent micturition through | stimulation of internal and external urethral sphincters |
| promote micturition through | inhibition of internal and external sphincters |
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