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CellularReprod.9
Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction (Biology)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Process in which a membrane allows some substances to pass through while keeping others out. | Selective permeability |
| Cells grow until they reach their ___, then they either stop growing or divide. | Size limit |
| The ratio of surface area to volume ___ as the cell gets bigger. | Decreases |
| In order for the cytoskeleton to be an efficient transportation method, the ___ substances must travel within a cell must be limited | Distances |
| The ___ controls the movement of substances because it is selectively permeable. | Plasma membrane |
| Cells often remain small to maximize the ability of ___ and motor proteins to transport nutrients and waste products. | Diffusion |
| The cell cycle involves ___ stages. | 3 |
| The need for ___ proteins to move through the cell also limits cell's overall size in order to be able to communicate properly | Signaling |
| Cells reproduce by a cycle of growing and dividing called ___ | Cell cycle |
| Stage during which the cell grows, carries out cellular functions and replicates it's DNA | Interphase |
| Stage of the cell cycle during which the cell's nucleus and nuclear material divide | Mitosis |
| Method which a cell's cytoplasm divides, creating a new cell | Cytokinesis |
| For most normal, actively dividing animal cells, the cell cycle takes approximately ___ hours | 12-24 |
| Relaxed material that condenses to form chromosomes during cell division | Chromatin |
| From the Greek words meaning "hollow vessel" and "putting in motion" | Cytokinesis |
| The cell spends most of the cell cycle in ___ | Interphase |
| Period immediately after a cell divides in which it's growing, carrying out normal functioning and preparing to replicate DNA | G1 phase |
| Structures that contain the genetic material passed from one generation to the next | Chromosomes |
| The period when the cell prepares for the division of it's nucleus after DNA has been replicated. | G2 phase |
| Period in which a new copy of DNA has been synthesized | Synthesis phase |
| Cytokinesis results in two cells, daughter cells, with ___ nuclei | Identical |
| Prokaryotic cells can reproduce in a manner very similar to mitosis, known as ___ | Binary fission |
| Sequence of growth and development stages that an organism goes through during it's lifetime | Life cycle |
| Chromsomes in ___ are actually sister chromatids that are attached at the centromere | Prophase |
| During ___, the nuclear envelope disintegrates and the chromosomes begin to condence | Prophase |
| During ___, chromosomes attach to spindle apparatus and align along the equator of the cell | Metaphase |
| During ____, microtubules shorten and move chromosomes to opposite poles | Anaphase |
| During ____, chromosomes reach the poles, nuclear envelope reforms and the chromosomes decondense | Telophase |
| In plant cells, a ___ forms during cytokinesis | Cell plate |
| In animal cells, a ___ forms during cytokinesis | Cleavage furrow |
| Structures that contain identical copies of DNA | Sister chromatids |
| Protein complex that attaches one sister chromatid to another in the form of a chromosome (X-shaped structure) | Centromere |
| In animal cells, the ___ is made of spindle fibers, centrioles and aster fibers | Spindle apparatus |
| The arrangement of the chromosomes along the metaphase plate ensure that each daughter cells receives a(n)... | Complete set of DNA |
| One of the shortest stages of mitosis, but when completed successfully, ensure that new cells have accurate copies of chromosomes | Metaphase |
| At the end of telophase, the spindle apparatus disassembles and some of the microtubules are recycled by the cell to build various parts of the ___ | Cytoskeleton |
| Subunit that makes up DNA and RNA molecules | Nucleotide |
| The normal cell cycle is regulated by ___ | Cyclin proteins |
| ___ molecules made of a cyclin bound to a CDK kick off the cell cycle and drive it through mitosis | Signaling |
| ___ monitor the cell cycle for errors and can stop the cycle if an error occurs | Checkpoints |
| CDK... | Cyclin-Dependent Kinases |
| Different ___ combinations control various activities that take place in the cell cycle | Cyclin/CDK |
| If left unchecked, a(n) ___ can grow to the point where it can kill it's host organism | Cancerous tumor |
| The ___ monitors for DNA damage and can stop the cycle before entering the S stage of interphase if problems are detected | G1 checkpoint |
| Checks for the failure of spindle fibers and if present, can stop the cycle before cytokinesis | Spindle checkpoints |
| Uncontrolled growth and division of cells, a failure in regulation | Cancer |
| Substances and agents that are known to cause cancer | Carcinogens |
| Often times, a ___ change or damage that occurs is repaired by various systems and never gets the chance to cause a problem for the cell/body | Genetic |
| Passing of genetic traits from parent to offspring | Inheritance |
| Government agency that works to make sure that the things you consume are safe | Food and Drug Administration |
| ___ help protect people from exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as asbestos | Industrial laws |
| Some ___, such as ultraviolet from the sun, is impossible to avoid completely but precautions can still be taken | Radiation |
| Some forms of radiation, such as ___, are used for medical purposes and over-exposure is avoided by heavy lead aprons, etc | X-rays |
| To have reached full natural growth or development | Mature |
| Programmed cell death | Apoptosis |
| Cells that are not locked into becoming one particular type of cell and could very well be the key to curing many medical conditions and genetic defects | Stem cells |
| Mass of cells which repeatedly divide just after fertilization... | Embryonic stem cells |
| Found in various tissues in the body and might be used to maintain and repair the same kind of tissue in which they are found | Adult stem cells |
| Embryonic stem cell research is controversial because of ethical concerns about the ___ of the cells | Source |
| Adult stem cell research is not as controversial as ESCs because they can be obtained with the ___ of their donors | Consent |
| As a cell's volume increases, the proportional amount of surface area (that which is present to transfer molecules, etc) | Decreases |
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SavannahElkins