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Hormonal Control
Hormonal Control During Exercise
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Upregulation | An increased cellular sensitivity to hormone, often caused by increased hormone receptors. |
| Triiodothyronine (T3) | A hormone released by the thyroid gland that increases the rate of cellular metabolism and the rate and contractility of the heart |
| Thyroxine (T4) | A hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that increases the rate of cellular metabolism and the rate and contractility of the heart |
| Target Cells | cells that possess specific hormone receptors |
| Thyrotropin (TSH) | A hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland that promotes the release of the thyroid hormones |
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) | An enzyme that converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II |
| Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) | A hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that regulates fluid and electrolyte balance in the blood by reducing urine production |
| Catecholamines | Biologically active amines (organic compounds derived from ammonia), such as epinephrine and nor epinephrine, that have powerful effects similar to those of the sympathetic nervous system |
| Cortisol | A corticosteroid hormone released from the adrenal cortex that stimulates gluconeogenesis, increases mobilization of free fatty acids, decreases use of glucose, and stimulates catabolism of protein |
| Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) | Intracellular second messenger that mediates hormone action |
| Direct gene activation | The method of action of steroid hormones. they bind to receptors in the cell, and then the hormone-receptor complex enters the nucleus and activates certain genes |
| Downregulation | Decreased cellular sensitivity to a hormone, likely the result of a decreased number of cell receptors available to bind with the hormone |
| Epinephrine | A catecholamine released from the adrenal medulla that, along with norepinephrine, prepares the body for a fight-or-flight response. it is also a neurotransmitter. |
| Erythropoietin (EPO) | The hormone that stimulates erythrocyte (red blood cell) production |
| Glucagon | A hormone released by the pancreas that promotes increased breakdown of liver glycogen to glucose (glycogenolysis) and increased gluconeogenesis |
| Glucocorticoids | A family of steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex that help maintain homeostasis through a variety of effects throughout the body |
| Growth hormone | An anabolic agent that stimulates fat metabolism and promotes muscle growth and hypertrophy by facilitating amino acid transport in the cells |
| Hemoconcentration | A relative (not absolute) increase in the cellular content per unit of blood volume, resulting from a reduction in plasma volume |
| Hemodilution | An increase in blood plasma, resulting in a dilution of the blood's cellular contents |
| Hormone | A chemical substance produced or released by an endocrine gland and transported by the blood to a specific target tissue |
| Hyperglycemia | An elevated blood glucose level |
| Hypoglycemia | A low blood glucose level |
| Inhibiting Factors | Hormone transmitted from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary that inhibit release of some other hormones |
| Insulin | A hormone produced by the B-cells in the pancreas that assists glucose entry into cells |
| Mineralocorticoids | Steroid hormones released from the adrenal cortex that are responsible for electrolyte balance within the body, for example aldosterone |
| Nonsteroid Hormones | Hormones derived from protein, peptides, or amino acids that connot easily cross cell membranes |
| Osmolality | The number of solutes (such as electrolytes) dissolved in a fluid divided by the weight of that fluid; usually expressed in units of osmols (or milliosmols) per kg. |
| Prostaglandins | Substances derived from a fatty acids that act as hormones at the local level |
| Releasing factors | Hormones transmitted from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary that promote release of some other hormones |
| Renin | An enzyme formed by the kidneys to convert a plasma protein called angiotensinogen into angiotensin II |
Created by:
Kimbo8
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