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Physio Ch. 12 C
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| artery structure is either | conducting/elastic or distributing/muscular |
| conducting or elastic arteries have a high..and because of this they are able to... | elastic content...recoil or snap back to keep flow of blood continuous |
| recoiling changes...and maintains... | buffer pressure...flow during heart diastole |
| distributing or muscular arteries have high...for what kind of fuction | smooth muscle content...regulatory (vasodilation and vasoconstriction) |
| arterioles are made of...and have what sort of function... | smooth muscle...regulatory function(vasodilation and constriction) |
| arterioles can also be/have...for... | metarterioles and precapillary sphincters...regulatory function of directing flow to or away from capillaries |
| arterial blood pressure involves | compliance and systolic v diastolic pressure |
| compliance occurs...and is the ability of the... | all over, not just in the heart...structure to stretch |
| compliance = | delta volume/delta pressure |
| ^ volume or stretch w/...>... | little change in pressure...^ compliance |
| ^ volume/stretch with...>... | big change in pressure...decreases compliance |
| systolic v diastolic pressure: systolic pressure is the result of...and diastolic is the result of... | systole of vents...diastole of vents |
| arterial blood pressure is found by...or... | systolic pressure/diastolic pressure...max pressure/min pressure (120/80 mmHg) |
| pulse pressure is found by | subtracting SP and DP (SP-DP ... 120-80 = 40 mmHg) |
| factors affecting pulse pressure include | stroke volume(systolic = ^ P.P during exercise), compliance(systolic = ^ P.P w/ arteriosclerosis) and ejection velocity (increase contractility and ejection of blod= systolic = ^ P.P during exercise) |
| arterial blood pressure includes...and is... | mean systemic arterial pressure MAP...what arteries are constantly under |
| MAP is the "average" | pressure in arteries ( MAP = DP + 1/3 pulse pressure or 1/3( SP + 2DP) |
| MAP is the...into tissues | driving pressure behind blood flow |
| MAP is...throughout the body | consistent |
| measurment of blood pressure uses | sphygomomanometer and stethoscope |
| laminar flow should be...and turbulent flow results in... | quiet...korotkoff's sounds |
| 1 + 2nd korotkoff's sounds are | 1 = thump = systolic pressure, 2 = diastolic pressure |
| arteriole structure | smooth muscle to regulate diameter |
| arteriole variable resistance means...or... | vasodilation > ^ diameter...vasocontriction > derease diameter |
| what is the effect on resistance and flow of vasodilation in arterioles? | Decrease resistance and increase flow |
| what is the effect on resistance and flow of vasoconstriction in arterioles? | increase resistance and decrease flow |
| ability to alter resistance allows regulation of... | blood flow (blood isn't equal in all organs) |
| blood flow in organs (F organ) = | MAP - venous pressure (which is delta p)/RESISTANCE organ |
| F = | delta p/r |
| F =...because... | MAP/r because venous pressure is nearly 0 |
| resistance..between... | varies...arterioles of different organs |
| control of arteriole resistance in organs can either be | local or a reflex/extrinsic control |
| local control of arteriolar resistance occurs because of | self regulation of arterioles based on what's happening in the organ (autocrine and paracrine) |
| reflex or extrinsic controls of arteriolar resistance involve | nerve and hormonal control |
| local arteriole control can result in...which is.. | active hyperemia (metabolic activity(active) and increased flow - hyperemia0 |
| active hyperemia ^...>... | metabolic activity...blood flow |
| stimuli for arteriole dilation in active hyperemia include | metabolic byproducts (CO2, ADP, H+, K+ - WASTE PRODUCTS) and locally produced chemicals like bradykinin and nitric oxide |
| local arteriole control also happens through | flow autoregulation (similar to a blinking light) |
| flow autoregulation involves | arteriole pressure and myogenic responses |
| decreaseing arteriole pressure > | vasodilation > ^ blood flow |
| stimuli for arteriole dilation in flow autoregulation are... | same as for active hyperemeia - monitering waste products |
| stimuli for flow autoregulation means...but...because... | metabolic activity is constant...blood flow can't keep pace...blood hast't been moving for a few msec |
| ^ arteriole pressure> | vasoconstriction > decreased blood flow |
| stimuli for arteriole constriction | ^ O2and removal of vasodilating chemicals |
| myogenic responses occur in gthe... | muscle |
| myogenic esponses either... | ^ stretch (pressure) > ^smooth muscle contraction > decreses blood flow or decrease stretch (pressure) > smooth muscle contraction decreases which increases blood flow |
| increasing stretch in myogenic responses opens...and the effect of..is... | stretch gated ca2 channels...^ intracellular ca on smooth muscle...more constriction because calmodulin binds and kinase does its thing so yeah |
| decreased stretch means... | closed stretch gated ca channels and means decreased intracellular ca to vasodilate |
| local arteriole control - reactive hyperemia means...and....occurs after | increase blood flow...reperfusuion...after an occlusion is released |
| reactive hyperemia is similar to | flow autoregulation |
| local arteriole control - response to injury activates... | platelets and the inflammatory response (increases blood flow and vasodilates) |
| local arteriole control - endothelial cells (which include...) are... | arterioles and arteries...paracrine and autocrine vasodilators (nitric oxide and others like bradykinin) |
| endothelial cells can also be | paracrine and autocrine vasoconstrictors |
| extrinsic control of arterioles through | symp nerves (fight/flight) and noncholingergic, nonadrenergic autonomic neurons and hormones |
| sympathetic nerves go directly to....and they release | some blood vessels...ne neurot, e hormone and they go to alpha adrenergic receptors |
| symp nerves do | vasoconstriction and vasodilation |
| vasoconstriction from symp nerves is caused by | ^ symp activity > ^ NE and E a receptor activation > vasoconstriction |
| vasodilationg from symp nerves is caused by | decreased symp activity > decrease NE and E alpha receptor activation > decreased vasoconstriction > ^ vasodilation |
| symp nerve large scale/whole body effects include | redistributing blood flow (skin - cold ^ symp activation > vasoconstriction or skin - warm decreased symp activation > vasodilation) |
| extrinsic control of arteries, noncholinergic include..and nonadrenergic include | not ACh...non NE and E |
| noncholinergic, nonadrenergic autonomic neuons use..which... | nitric oxide neurotransmitters...vasodilate and are part of the enteric system (GI tract) |
| extrinsic control through hormones includes what hormones | epinephrine, angiotensin II, vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide |
| epinephrine as a hormone effects both | alpha adrenergic (vasoconstrict)and beta adrenergic rectpros(vasodilate) |
| epinephrine is also called...and is released from...and is controlled by... | adrenaline...adrenal medulla..symp nervous system |
| epinephrine causes vasodilation in...and what is greater than what... | skeletal muscles..# beta adrenergic receptors > # alpha adrenergic receptors |
| epinephrine causes vasoconstriction in...and what is greater than what... | every other part of the body...# of alpha receptors > # of beta |
| angiotensin II goes from..and does what | renin-angiotensin system > ^ blood pressure (effects BP) |
| angiotensin II does | vasoconstriction and kidney salt/water retention |
| vasopressin is from the...and release from... | hypothalamus..posterior pituitary or neurophyophysis |
| vasopressin increases...>.. | kidney water retention...^ blood pressure (F= delta p/r) |
| atrial natriuretic peptide effects the...and is made in/secreted in response to... | atria...^ atrial pressure |
| atrial natriuretic peptide decreases | kidney salt and water retention > decreases blood pressure |
| capillary structure | endothelium and basement membrane |
| capillaries have | intercellular cleffts and fused vesicle clefts (exocytotic and endocytotic) |
| regulation of capillaries through | arteriole vasodilation and vasoconstriction, metarterioles and precapillary sphincters |
| capillary blood flow involves | total cross-sectional area/velocity |
| why is reduced velocity advantageous in the capillaries | further from heart and it spreads out (more exchange can occur here) |
| exchange mechanisms include | diffusion (primary mechanism), vesicle transport (endo and exo), bulk flow (pressure gradient) and mediated transport (brain) |
| diffusion involves | concentration gradients (transcapillary) |
| diffusion uses | water filled channels (intercellular and fused vesicle clefts) |
| water filled channels in diffusion (intercellular clefts and fused vesicle clefts allow | ions and small polar molecules to fit through |
| size of clefts regulates | passage of chemicals (blood braine barrier - no clefts , liver - discontinuous capillaries |
| diffusion has a | phospholipid bilayer fo lipids |
| vesical transport for some | proteins |
| bulk flow is the movement of | extracellular fluid including protein free plasma and interstitial fluid |
| bulk flow works with | pressure gradients (blood v. interstitial fluid) |
| pressure gradients also include | hydrostatic pressure (P) and osmotic force(pi) |
| hydrostatic pressure is the | blood pressure of capillary v. interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure |
| hydrostatic pressure causes Pcapillary (out) > | Pinterstitial fluid (in) |
| hydrostatic pressure has net movement | out |
| osmotic force is the concentration of | proteins in capillary v. protein concentration of interstitial fluid |
| osmotic force (pi) requires | pressure for water to move into an area |
| in osmotic force PIcapillary (in) > | PI interstitial fluid (out) |
| osmotic force requies | net movement in |
| net filtration pressure - effect of | the starling forces |
| NFP | net filtration pressure |
| Pc | capillary hydrostatic pressure (filtration - out) |
| Pinterstitial fluid | interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (absorption - in) |
| PIcapillary | capillary osmotic force (absorption - in)(water) |
| PIinterstitial fluid | interstitial fluid osmotic force (filtration - out) |
| net filtartion pressure = | Pc + PIif - Pif - PIc or NFP = (Pc +PIif) - (Pif +PIc) |
| Pc changes as flow from | arteriole to venule end |
| in net filtration fluid loss shifts to | fluid gain |
| venule end = and hydrostatic force - | lower...reabsorb |
| modification of starling forces in the arterioles | effect of vasodilation and constriction on net filtartion |
| modification of starling force: vasodilation > | decrease resistance > ^ hydrostatic pressure > ^ filtration |
| modification of starling force: vasoconstriction > | ^ resistance > decrease hydrostatic presasure > decrease filtrationb |
| edema is another way to | modify starling forces |
| edema results in | heart failure and ^ venous pressure > ^Pc, inflammatory response and^ arteriole dilation > ^ Pc and inflammatory response w/ ^ leak of plasma proteins to interstitial fludi > ^ PIif |
| what is the effect of heart failure and increase venou spressure > ^ Pc | can't pump blood effectively so there is a buildup capillary pressure and no reabsorption |
| what is the effect of the inflammatory response and increase arteriole dilation > ^Pc | more blood leaking out w/ no reabsorption |
| effect of inflammatory resp and ^ leak of plasma proteins to interstitial fluid > ^PIif | draw more water out |
| decreased plasma protein is another | way to modify starling forces |
| decreased plasma protein happens through | kidney disase, liver disease and malnutrition |
| kidney disease and decreased...>... | plasma protein concentration > decrease PIc |
| liver disease and...>... | decrease plasma protein concentraion...decreased PIc |
| malnutrition and...>... | decreased plasma protein concentration...decreased PIc |
| effect of malnutrition | can't draw fluid back into blood stream |
| mediated transport through | endocytosis and carriers (especially with the BBB) |
| vein structure | venules, peripheral veins and great veins |
| venules have...and do... | one-way valves...some exchange |
| peripheral veins have | one-way valves |
| great veins have | no valves |
| vein function | blood return to heart and act as blood reservoir (60% of blood is in the veins at rest) |
| venous pressure involves | pressure gradient, vein compliance and blood volume, control of venous pressure |
| pressure gradient in veins: in peripheral veins it is...in the right atrium it is...and the gradient does what... | 10-15 mm Hg...nearly 0 mmHg...helps flow of peripheral veins to heart |
| vein compliance and blood volume | ^ compliance (not as much smooth muscle) and ^ volume to act as a blood reservoir |
| control of venous pressure through | symp nerves and autocrin/paracrine hormones |
| symp nerves effect the veins through | NE which ^ symp activity > ^ NE > ^ vasoconstriction |
| autocrine and paracrine hormones do what to nerves | vasoconstriction and vasodilation |
| vasoconstriction in the veins causes | more blood to circulate |
| normal flow for venous blood return is | 10 mmHg > 0 mm Hg pressure gradient |
| vasoconstriction in the veins means ^.. | venous pressure > ^ gradient to heart |
| venous valves are | one-way flow |
| what assits in venous blood return? | skeletal muscle pump and respiratory pump |
| skeletal muscle pump does what | contraction of skeletal muscles (squeezes veins to close one valve and open the one above it so blood is forced to go up |
| respiratory pump involves | diaphragm contraction |
| diaphragm contraction does | increases pressure in abdominal cavity and decreases pressure in thoracic cavity |
| increased pressure in abdominal cavity bec of the respiratory pump means | increased pressure on abdominal veins |
| decreased pressure in thoracic cavity bec of resp pump means | decreased pressure on great veins and atria |
| venous return and cardiac output | ^ venous pressure > ^ venous return> ^ EDV > ^CO |
| as venous return changes... | CO will also change |
| lymphatic structure | lymphatic capillaries and vessels |
| lymphatic capillaries join to form...and are... | lymph vessels...open ended |
| lymph vessels help | return extra filtrate |
| lymph vessels have...which...and also... | lymph nodes...house WBCs...one way valves |
| lymph vessels dump into | circulatory system |
| lymphatic function | interstitial fluid return |
| mechanisms of interstitial fluid return include | vessel smooth muscle contraction and other mechanisms similar to veins |
| purpose of lymph vessels return interstitial fluid | prevent edema(filters) and fatty acids from GI tract - go to lacteals(absorp) |
| problems with returning interstitial fluid | route for cancer metastasis (moved from site of origin) |
Created by:
handrzej
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