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physio ch 18
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| immune defenses do | self v. non-self protection and immune surveillance |
| self v. non-self; non self would be | bacteria, viruses, allergens, splinters, etc |
| immune surveillance means that...such as... | your own cells go bad...cancer/pre cancerous cells |
| immune defenses are | cell mediated |
| cells that mediate immune defense are the...which there are how many per microliter | leukocytes...5000-10000 |
| leukocytes are either..which include... | granulocytes (neutrophils 50-70%, eosinophils 1-5% and basophils < 1%) or agranulocytes (monocytes 1-6% and lymphocytes 20-40%) |
| leukocytes - other cell names include | plasma cells, macrophages and mast cells |
| plasma cells are...that are... | b lymphocytes...specialized for antibody production |
| plasma cells or b lymphs are located in | peripheral lymphoid tissue |
| in the tissues, macrophages are called...and in blood they are called... | macrophages...monocytes |
| macrophages are located in | exposed epithelium and lymph tissues and organs |
| mast cells are...and are..in blood | functional in tissues...basophils |
| mast cells are located | body wide in CT |
| cytokines are released by...as a... | WBCs...chemical messengers/cell signaler |
| cytokines do | communication between immune cells |
| non specific immune responses use | generalized receptors |
| generalized recetors recognize | things only as non-self |
| generalized receptors recognize...of non-self structures | lipids and carbohydrates |
| generalized receptors do not produce | antibodies |
| 1st line of defense does what | stop things from getting in |
| 1st line of defense include | barriers , anti-microbial secretions and sneeze/cough reflexes |
| barriers include | skin and mucous membrane(sticky trap) |
| mucous membrane are seen in the...where..moves stuff to throat to be swallowed | respiratory escalator...cilia |
| anti-microbial secretions do what...and include... | damage pathogens...secretory glands, mucous membranes, stomach acid |
| anti-microbial secretions are somtime secreted with | enzymes like in tears |
| sneeze and cough reflexes do what | expel things from the system |
| inflammation has what symptoms | redness, heat, pain and swelling |
| inflammation involves | vasodilation, increased protein permeability and chemotaxis |
| inflammation is mediated...by... | chemically...some cytokines |
| vasodilation for inflammation means you...and this thus... | dilate vessels...increase blood flow |
| advantages of dilating vessels and symptoms? | more WBC to the area...heat, redness and swelling |
| increased protein permeability for inflammation means you | expand intercellular gaps (increase plasma permeability) |
| expanding intercellular gaps means the plasma protein can...and the advantages/symptoms are... | leave vessels...take pathogen fighting things to the area to fix the problem/swelling |
| when you expand the intercellular gaps...follows the...into the... | water...solute ...interstitium |
| edema is | fluid in the tissues |
| when things are inflammed there is pain because of | increased pressure internally on the nociceptors bec of swelling |
| chemotaxis means you use | chemicals to attract |
| chemotaxins are...from... | cytokines..damaged endothelial cells |
| chemotaxis involves...which means... | margination...neutrophil attachment to endothelium |
| margination means the neutrophil | moves to the wall of capillary and works through cellular gap into interstitial tissue for direct interaction with pathogens |
| chemotaxis also involves | diapedesis of neutrophils |
| chemotaxis of other...with other...such as... | WBCs...cytokines...monocytes > macrophages(in tissue), basophils > mast cells(secret heparin and histamine for inflammatory response), eosinophils and lymphocytes |
| eosinophils are the...and lymphocytes mainly stya.. | clean up crew...in the lymph tissue |
| inflammation triggers | phagocyte action |
| phagoytosis involves 5 things | attachment via receptors or opsonins, phagosome formation, phagolycosomes, digestion and exocytosis of wastes |
| extracellular secretions are either | cytotoxis or inflammatory mediators |
| cytotoxic extracellular secretions are for | damage to pathogen |
| inflammatory mediators do | positive feedback with chemotaxic cytokines |
| inflammation also triggers the...which occurs in.. | complement...specific and non-specific immunity |
| complement promotes | destruction of pathogen without phagocytosis but it can influence it |
| complement is the | extracellular killing of cells |
| extracellular killing of cells involves two steps | nonspecific/alternate complement pathway protein activation and complement cascade |
| nonspecific or alternate complement pathway protein activation involves the interaction between | inactive complement proteins in the blood and microbes |
| complement cascade involves the...which forms.. | membrane attack complex..pores in bacteria cell wall to destroy it |
| complement cascade also involves...which... | C3b...is an opsonin for phagocytosis (increases liklihood of phagocytosis) |
| inflammation: tissue repair has 2 steps | replace damaged cell with CT and tissue regeneration/remodeling |
| replacing damaged cell with CT uses...which produce..and forms... | fibroblasts...collagen...scars |
| tissue regeneration/remodeling is the replacement of | CT with functional tissue |
| functional tissue is also called | parenchyma |
| interferons are | chemicals produced by cells to prevent viral attacks |
| interferons protect...by... | non-infected cells...inhibiting viral replication |
| viral replication requires | cells because virus' can't reproduce on their own |
| infected cells...and have two types of action | produce and release interferons...paracrine and endocrine (on adjacent cells) |
| infected cells trigger | production of other intracellular anti-viral proteins |
| specific immune defense means you have to | know the exact pathogen |
| specific immune defense is | acquired immunity |
| acquired immunity means there must be | recognition of antigens(usually protein) by lymphocytes, then a specific defense against that non-self substance or cell |
| stages of acquired immunity/specific are | encounter/recognition of antigens, lymphocyte activation, lymphocyte action |
| lymphocyte development is in...through | red bone marrow(trabecular)...hematopoiesis |
| hematopoiesis uses...to produce... | lymphoid stem cells...lymphocytes |
| primary lymphoid organ include...and do what | bone marrow and thymus...either produce lymphocytes or mature them |
| bone marrow is where...are produced | b lymphocytes(and matured) and t lymphocytes(just produced) |
| in the thymus... | t lymphocytes are matured into helper t cells and cytotoxic t cells |
| secondary lymphoid organs are where...and include.. | clones are produced...things like the spleen and tonsils and lymph nodes |
| secondary lymphoid organs do | mitosis and activation of helper/cytotoxic t cells, mitosis of b lymphocytes and activation of plasma cells |
| b lymphocytes are...that are... | plasma cells..active and functioning to make antibodies |
| plasma cells remain in...activated to...and produce... | secondary lymph organs, specific antigen, antibodies released into blood |
| cytotoxic t cells are activated (to make...) to | (more cytotoxic t cells) specific antigen in secondary lymphoid organs |
| cytotoxic t cells travel in...and bind to.. | blood stream to target...antigens on target |
| cytotoxic t cells secrete | cytotoxic chemicals |
| helper t cells are activated to...and remain... | specific antigen in secondary lymphoid organs...in secondary lymphoid organs |
| helper t cells produce | cytokines(chemical messenger) which stimulate active B and cytotoxic t cells |
| steps of lymphocyte action include | encounter and recognition(in 2 lymph organ), activate (in 2 lymph organ) and attack (in blood) |
| encounter and recognition involves the | t lymphocytes and major histocompatibility complex(surface antigens) |
| t lymphs and major histocompatibility complex in encounter and recogniztion require...and that interaction requires... | a receptor-antigen interaction(macrophage keps a piece to present)...antigen presentation to Tcells |
| major histocompatibility complex (MCH) genes are on what chromosome...and they are... | 6...unique to each genetically unique individual |
| MHC code for...and MHC proteins are embedded in... | MHC proteins...plasma membrane of cells |
| MHC protein is either... | class I (all cells except RBCs) or class II (macrophages, b lymphs, macrophage-like cells) |
| encounter and recognition: helper t cells are...which are either... | class II MHC proteins...macrophage or b lymphocytes |
| helper t cells: macrophage or b lymphs do what | antigen internalized, antigen partially digested and antigen fragment presented |
| activation of helper t cells is the job of | macrophages |
| helper t cell activation starts with | MHC class II presentation of antigen |
| step two of helper t cell activation | co-stimulation with non-antigenic plasma membrane protein of the macrophage |
| step three of helper t cell activation | secretion of interleukin 1, tumor necrosis factor(TNF) and other cytokines |
| last stage of helper t cell activation is | mitosis of activated helper t cells(functional) |
| clones of cells already | know the antigen |
| attack step for helper t cells; there is | no direct attack on non-self things (helper t cells jus help other cells get going) |
| helper t cells produce...which have two types of effects | cytokine...autocrine and paracrine |
| autocrine effects of cytokines from helper t cells include | production of clone helper t cells |
| paracrine effects of cytokines from helper t cells include | b lymphocyte activation, cytotoxic t cell activation, macrophage activation, NK cells nonspecific binding to viral infected or cancer cells |
| NK cells are activated by...but response is... | specific immune system...non specific |
| steps of lymphocyte action are in the | specific immune s ystem |
| encounter and recognition of cytotoxic t cells look for... | MHC class I cells (general cells) |
| general cells produce...inside the cell and include... | antigens (endogenous)...virus infected cells and cancer cells |
| cytotoxic t cell activation uses | helper t cell cytokines to produce interleukin 2 |
| interleukin 2 stimulates...and some cells are not... | production of cytotoxic t cell clones (already recognize antigen)...fully activated so they persist as memory cells |
| memory cells stay | behind and wait for next antigen encounter |
| attack step for cytotoxic t cells involves the production of...which does | perforin...destruction of cell wall/membrane to kill it |
| cytotoxic t cell attack step also involves retention of | memory cells |
| target for perforin is a..but it is... | cell w/ virus or cancer cell...specific |
| encounter and recognition of b lymphocytes involves the productio nof | antibodies |
| b lymphocyte encounter and recognition requires...which is like a... | receptor-antigen interaction(antibody and antigen) |
| the surface antibody for receptor-antigen interaction is called a...and is the... | immunoglobilin...antigen binding site |
| Ig classes are | IgA(produced in secretory tissues like milk, urogenital tracts etc), IgD(involved in 3 steps), IgE(helps activate non-specific cells), IgM(protection from pathogens and bacteria) |
| activation of by lymphocytes: a few require only...most also require.. | antigen binding...activation via t helper cells |
| what do t helper cells cytokines produce that activates b lymphocytes? | interleukin 2 |
| interleukin2 stimulates...and some cells are not.. | production of B lymphocyte clones...fully activated so they become memory cells and other become plasma cells |
| attack step of b lymphocytes produces...and are released to | free antibody...blood |
| plasma cell life span | days |
| b lymphocyte types of antibodies | IgG (gamma globulin) and IgM (basic pathogen defense - specific immunity agaisnt bacteria and viruses), IgE (specific immunity against multicellular parasites and allergic responses) |
| last two types of antibodies | IgA (secretions in gut, milk, urogenital - plasma cells in gastrointestinal, repsiratory and genitourinal tracts and mammary glands) and IgD is unknown |
| b lymphocytes effects of | antibodies (Ig G and M) |
| b lymphocytes return to...by... | site of infection..leaving blood, linking to microbe and identifying microbe for action via other immune cells for phagocytosis |
| b lymphocytes facilitates...through the... | phagocytosis...neutrophils and macrophages |
| b lymphocytes activate the | classical complement system which requires specific antibody to be known |
| classical complement system produces...and activates... | membrane attack complex...opsonin |
| b lymphocyte antibody can | link target cell to NK cell: antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) |
| after b lymphocytes leave the blood, link to microbe, identify microbe then the antibody-antigen | complexes with toxins and viruses are available for phagocytosis |
| active immunity uses | memory cells and vaccinations |
| vaccinations prevent | pathogen from taking hold of all cells |
| active immunity activates...and passive immunity... | specific...does not activate specific |
| passive immunity does not use..and is seen in... | memory cells...mother to fetus (IgG) - crossing placenta, breast milk (IgA) and antibiotics |
| infections trigger the | acute phase response |
| acute phase response is an...for the... | adaptive response of the organs...enhancement and negative feedback |
| infections mean there is | reduced resistance |
| reduced resistance can occur because of... poor...and also... | nutrition...pre-existing diseases or injury |
| reduced resistance depends on...as well as...which keeps... | mental states...stress(cortisol)...the immune system from going crazy |
| reduced resistance involved...which is when you lack... | immunodeficiency...some component of the immune system (cellular/ability to produce a chemical - cytokines) |
| combined immunodeficiency means you lack | both B and T cells |
| acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by...and what are targeted... | HIV...helper t lymphocytes |
| harmful immune effects occur because of | graft rejections, transfusions, pregnancy, allergies and autoimmune disease, excessive inflammatory response |
| graft rejection involves problems with | MHC I - primarily cytotoxic t lymphs |
| transfusions involve | ABO D |
| pregnancy means the fetus is as a...so the...are not recognized by the... | graft...placental MHC proteins (fetus is not recognized as foreign) |
| pregnancy issues often involve | blood types |
| generally ABO | are not the problem in pregnancies, but D is the problem |
| ABO antibodies are | Ig M antibodies that don't cross the placenta well because they're too big |
| Ig M is a | multimeric complex |
| rh factor causes | hemolytic disease of the newborn (blood mixing) |
| hemolytic disease means the mom is...and the baby is...so most of the exposure of the mother to fetal blood is at... | rh-...rh+...at birth |
| hemolytic disease means subsequent pregnancies | IgG antibodies can cross the placenta (fetal blood agglutinates) |
| what vaccination do new mothers get | Rho-gam (similar to passive immunity), which is IgG: Rh antibodies |
| allergies are | hypersensitivity |
| allergies involve | allergens and sensitization |
| delayed hypersensitivity means the...and triggers the... | skin responds...inflammatory response w/o antibodies (poison ivy) |
| immune complex hypersensitivity means excessive | amounts of Ig G and IgM complex with free antigens and they stick to blood vessels |
| excessive amounts of Ig G and IgM complex causes | excessive triggering of inflammatory responses |
| immediate hypersensitivity is considered to be...and it is the stimulation of... | classic/typical allergy...Ig E producing B lymphocytes |
| immediate hypersensitivity there is Ig E attacment to | mast cells (heparin and histamine) and basophils |
| ige attachment to mast cells and basophils includes | local inflammation and systemic inflammation (anaphylaxis - deadly) |
| autoimmune disease means | self proteins detected as foreign antigens |
| types of autoimmune disease include | multiple sclerosis (myelin), myasthenia gravis (skeletal muscle ACh receptors), rheumatoid arthritis (synovial joints)type I diabetes mellitus (pancreatic islet B cells), systemic lupus erythematosus |
| systemic lupus erythematosus is overactive | b and t cells and excessive proeduction of self antibodies |
| excessive inflammatory response leads to | septic shock, chronic inflammatory disease, athersclerosis and asbestosis |
| septic shock leads to | hypotension |
| chronic inflammatory disease is things like | asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease |
| atherosclerosis means the...is damaged which triggers.. | endothelium...inflammatory response |
Created by:
handrzej
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