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Physiology I
Synaptic Transmission - Test 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 2 types of synapses? | 1. Elecrtical Synapses or Gap Junctions 2. Chemical Synapses (neurological) |
| What is cytoplasmic coninuity? | Direct ionic pathway - Gap junctions allow closely aligned cells to communicate cytoplasm to cytoplasm by exchanging ions and other dissolved particles |
| What are the 2 types of electrical synapses? | 1. Nonrectifying - bidirectional 2. Rectifying - unidirectional |
| What is the max weight for particles allowed to move through gap junctions and allow fo cytoplasmic continuity? | 1500 molecular weight |
| What are some important characteristics of chemical synapses? | 1. One way transmission 2. Time Delay 3. Exocytosis 4. Diffusion 5. Receptor Activation |
| What is another name for the terminal end of an axon? | Bouton |
| What are the 3 types of Chemical synapses? | 1. Axosomatic - Axon to Body 2. Axodendritic - Axon to Dendrite 3. Axoaxonic - Axon to Axon |
| True or false, Axoaxaonic synapses can be stimulatory and inhibitory? | False, Axoaxonic synapses are always inhibitory |
| True or false, nerves usually synapse with many other nerves? | True |
| What is central tendecy in regards to synaptic transmission? | Postsynaptic nerves near the center of the axonal ending cone have a greater chance of passing on an action potential |
| True or false, the action potential is produced at the synapse? | False |
| Membrane Threshold is lower or higher at the axon hillock? | Lower |
| What activates calmodulin? | Ca++ |
| What does calmodulin activate? | Protein Kinases that in turn phosphorylates tethering proteins that hold the neurotrnasmitter vesicles that cause release. |
| What is meant by Quanta realease? | The same amount of neurotransmitter is released for each presynaptic action potential |
| What does neurotransmitters pass through between the presynaptic membrane and the post synaptic membrane? | A basement membrane |
| Which membrane contains the receptors for neurotransmitters? | Postsynaptic Membrane |
| Can a single excitatory input bring the soma membrane to threshold? | No |
| What causes excitation? | The opening of Na+ channels and the depression of Cl- and K+ channels |
| What causes inhibition? | opening of Cl- channels and increased conduction of K+ |
| What is summation? | The nerve process of integrating various inputs (decision making process - to fire an action potential or not) |
| What is spacial summation? | When 2 or more inputs arrive simultaneously and then are added and cause the membrane to depolarize twice as much. |
| If you add one inhibitory post synaptic potential with one excitatory post synaptic potential what effect will you have on the membrane? | None - They will cancel each other out. |
| What is Temporal Summation? | When 2 or more action potentials in a single presynaptic neuron occurs in rapid succesion and cause the postsynaptic membrane to depolarizeo hyperpolarize more than it would with a single input. |
| Neurotransmitters are divided into 2 groups based upon their rate of action - What are they? | 1. Small molecules - Rapid acting 2. Neuropeptides - slow acting |
| Give examples of small rapid acting neurotransmitters: | ACH, Amines, Amino Acids, and NO |
| Which group of neurotransmitters usually act on DNA or through secondary messenger systems? | Neuropeptides |
| Give some examples of neuropeptides? | Opioids, GI Peptides, Hypothalmic and Pituitary peptides |
| True or False, both neuropeptides and small molecule transmitters act by diffusion and enzymatic hydrolysis? | True |
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Tri 2
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