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networking Chapter 4
terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| address resource record | a type of dns data record that maps the ip address of an internet connected device to its domain name |
| alias | nickname for a nodes host name |
| anycast address | IPv6 address |
| arp table | a database of records that maps mac addresses to ip addresses |
| arp | tcp/ip protocol that belongs in the network layer of the osi model |
| arp | obtains the mac address of a host,or node and then maps the mac address to the hosts ip logical address |
| tcp/ip protocol suite | referred to ip or tcp ip |
| tcp/ip advantage | open in nature, flexible routable |
| tcp/ip advantage | run on any platform |
| tcp/ip advantage | costs nothing,code can be edited and modified by any programmer |
| tcp/ip advantage | transmissions carry network layer addressing information |
| tcp/ip model | application layer,transport layer,internet layer,network interface,or link, layer |
| application layer | http,ftp,telnet,ntp,dhcp,ping |
| transport layer | tcp,udp |
| internet layer | ip,arp,icmp,igmp |
| network interface layer | ethernet |
| transmission control protocol | provides reliable data delivery services |
| transmission control protocol | connection oriented |
| transmission control protocol | uses sequencing and checksums |
| transmission control protocol | provides flow control |
| transmission control protocol | tcp segment format,the entity that becomes encapsulated by the ip packet in the network layer,becomes the ip packet |
| tcp provides flow control | to ensure that a node is not flooded with data |
| sequencing | assembled back into the right order |
| user datagram protocol | connectionless protocol |
| udp | no guarantee that the user will get the data |
| udp | more efficient for carrying messages that fit within one data packet |
| three segments establish connection | three way handshake syn synack ack |
| udp | no error checking or sequencing |
| udp advantage | great volume of data transferred quickly |
| internet protocol | provides information about how and where data should be delivered,including data source and destination address |
| internetwork | transverse more than one lan segment and more than one type of network thru a router |
| packets | datagrams |
| ip packet | acts as an envelope for data and contains info necessary for routers to transfer data between different lan segments |
| two versions of ip protocols | ipv4 and ipv6 |
| ipv4 | unreliable,connectionless protocol |
| ip protocol | network layer protocol |
| ip packet | data envelope |
| data envelope | address on envelop,where it is going and where it came from |
| ipv6 advantages | provides billions of additional ip addresses |
| ipv6 advantages | better security and prioritization provisions |
| ipv6 | ip next generation |
| ipv6 | released in 1998 |
| fields in an ipv4 packet | fifteen |
| ipv4 packet fields | version,internet header length,differentiated services,total length |
| ipv4 packet fields | identification,flags,fragmentation offset |
| ipv4 packet fields | time to live,protocol,headerchecksum,source ip address |
| ipv4 packet fields | destination ip address,options,padding,data |
| ipv6 packet fields | version,traffic class,flow label |
| ipv6 packet fields | payloader length,next header,hop limit |
| ipv6 packet fields | source address,destination address |
| one major difference between ipv4 and ipv6 | ipv6 packets accommadate the much longer ipv6 addresses |
| IPv4 protocols | igmp,arp |
| IPv6 protocol | icmp version6 |
| internet group management protocol | manages multicasting on networks |
| multicasting | transmission method that allows one node to send data to a defined group of nodes |
| multicasting | point to multipoint method |
| multicast transmission | does not necessarily transmit to every node on a segment |
| time to live | in ipv4 is defined as hops or miliseconds |
| one node needs to know the mac address of another node on the same network | the first node issues a broadcast message asking, "whose mac address belongs to ip address 1.2.3.4", using arp |
| arp table | arp cache |
| arp table | a database saved on the hard drive that maps mac addresses to ip addresses |
| arp table entries | static and dynamic |
| static arp table entries | manually entered addresses |
| dynamic arp table entrry | created when a client makes an arp request that cannot be satisfied by data already in the arp table |
| ICMPv6 | detects and reports data transmission errors,discovers other nodes on a network,and manages multicasting |
| logical addresses | manually or automatically assigned and must follow rules et by the protocol standards |
| internet protocol | protocol responsible for logical addressing |
| an ip address contains two types of info | network and host |
| class d addresses | reserved for multicasting |
| class e addresses | reserved for experimental use |
| bytes | size |
| bits | speed |
| node | any device that connects up to a network |
| internet control message protocol | network layer core protocol that reports success or failure of data delivery |
| broadcast address | last address available in a network |
| ip address | unique thirty two bit number |
| ip address | thirty two bit number address divided into four octets,or sets of eight bits |
| network class | determined from first octet |
| Class A | 126 networks |
| Class B | less than 16,000 |
| Class C | less than two million |
| Class A | 1 - 126 |
| Class B | 128 - 191 |
| Class C | 192 - 223 |
| network ID | the portion of an IP address common to all nodes on the same network or subnet |
| ipv4 address | four byes long |
| loopback address | 127.0.0.1 |
| loopback address | ping your own machine |
| last address | always broadcast address cant assign it |
| zero | reserved as a placeholder |
| dotted decimal notation | the shorthand conventionused to represent ipv4 address and make them easier for humans to read |
| loopback address | assures that tcp ip suite of protocols in installed, is there an issue with my neywork card |
| dotted decimal notation | decimal number between 0 and 255 represents each octet |
| dotted decimal address | 131.65.10.36 |
| subnetting | a process of subdividing a single class of networks into multiple,smaller logical networks or segments |
| subnet mask | thirty two bit number identifying a devices subnet |
| subnet mask | informs network about a segment,network where device is attached |
| subnet mask | assigned the same way as ip addresses,manually and automatically |
| subnets are composed of thirty two bits | four octets and can be expressed in binary or decimal |
| ipv6 | composed of 128 bits |
| ipv6 | composed of eight 16-bit fields |
| ipv6 | typically represented in hexadeciaml numbers |
| unicast address | represents a single interface on a device |
| multicast address | represents multiple interfaces on multiple devices |
| anycast address | represents any one interface from a group of interfaces,any one of which can accept a transmission |
| link local unicast address | FE80 |
| site local unicast address | FEC0 |
| multicast address | FFOx |
| ipv6 loopback address | 0:0:0:0:0:0:0::1 |
| anycast address | useful for identifying all of the routers that belong to one ISP |
| multicast address | useful for transmitting the same data to many different devices simultaneously |
| dhcp | automated means of assigning a unique ip address to devices on a network |
| reasons for implementing dhcp | reduce the time and planning spent on ip address management |
| reasons for implementing dhcp | reduce the potential for errors in assigning ip addresses |
| reasons for implementing dhcp | to enable end users to move their workstations and printers without having to change their tcp/ip configuration |
| reasons for implementing dhcp | to make ip addressing transparent for mobile users |
| IANA | |
| ICANN | |
| RIRs | |
| node | every device connected to something on the network |
| static ip addresses | manually assigned |
| change static ip address | modify client workstation tcp/ip properties |
| dynamic ip address | assigned automatically |
| dhcp leasing process | assigns an ip address on a temporary basis for a specified length of time,borrow |
| dhcp scope | range of addresses |
| dynamic host configuration protocol | application layer protocol |
| dhcp | works on first come first serve |
| lease time | determined when client obtains ip address at logon |
| dhcp service configuration | specified leased address range |
| terminating a dhcp lease | expire based on a period established in server configuration |
| circumstances requiring lease termination | dhcp server fails and replaced |
| dhcp services run on several server types | installation and confihurations vary |
| link local address | private addres |
| link local address | capable of transmitting and receiving data only on a local network segment |
| link local address | are not routable and do not allow nodes to communicate beyond their segments |
| private addresses | allow host to communicate on an internal network,intranet |
| zero configuration | collection of protocols that assigns link local addresses,performs dns functions,and discovers services |
| router | connects two different networks |
| ipv4ll | a protocol that manages automatic address assignment among locally connected nodes |
| link local | same as apipa |
| socket | a processes port number plus its host machine's ip address |
| the use of port numbers simplifies | tcp/ip communications and ensures that data are transmitted to the correct application |
| well known ports | 0 to 1023 |
| registered ports | 1024 to 49151 |
| private ports | 49152 to 65535 |
| well known ports | are assigned to processes that only the operating system or an administrator of the system can access |
| registered ports | are accessible to network users and processes that do not have special administrative privileges |
| private ports | are open for use without restriction |
| private ports | dynamic ports |
| port numbers | simplify tcp/ip communications;ensures data transmitted correctly |
| socket address | 10.43.3.87.:23 |
| sockets form virtual connections between | a process on one computer and the same process running on another computer |
| host | technically every device on the internet |
| domain | group of computers belonging to the same organization and has part of their ip addresses in common |
| full qualified domain name | local host name plus its domain name |
| domain name | www.google.com |
| com | top level domain |
| second level domain | |
| www | third level domain |
| maximum of 253 characters | domain names |
| host file | a text file that associates tcp/ip host names with ip addresses |
| label | character string |
| label | represents level in domain naimg hierarchy |
| ICANN | established domain naming conventions |
| resolvers | are any hosts on the internet that nned to look up domain name information |
| domain name system | a heirarchial way of tracking domain names and their addresses, |
| dns | does not rely on one file or even one server,but is distributed over several key computers |
| dns | tcp/ip service that belongs to the application layer |
| dns service | relies on many computers across he globe |
| to direct traffic efficiently | the dns service is divided into three components |
| dns components | resolvers, name servers, name spaces |
| name servers | servers that contain databases of associated names and ip addresses and provides this information to resolvers onrequest |
| namespace | refers to the database of internet ip addresses and their associated names |
| namespace | abstract concept that describes how the name servers of the world share dns information |
| dns zones | portions for which one organizaion is assigned authority to manager |
| zone file | information about hosts in a dns zone |
| root server | a dns server maintained by icann and iana that is an authority on how to contact the top level domains |
| root server | icann oversees 13 root servers |
| resolver | anything that can connect to the internet and look up information |
| dns cache | a database stored on your computer that stores information about ip addresses and their associated host names |
| name servers | provides info to resolvers on request |
| zone transfer | copying the primary name server's zone file to the secondary's name server |
| most organizations rely on two name servers | primary and secondary |
| dns - static | reliable way of locating a host as long as the hosts ip address remains relatively constant over time |
| telnet | port 23 |
| telnet | used to log on to remote hosts using the tcp/ip protocol suite |
| ftp | port 20 and 21 |
| ftp | used to send and receive files via tcp/ip |
| ftp | a set of simple commands that make up their user interfaces |
| tftp | port 69 |
| tftp | enables file transfers between computers |
| dynamic dns | service provider runs program on users computer |
| ddns | service providers server launches routine to automatically update dns record |
| tftp | connectionless protocol |
| tftp | useful when you need to load data or programs on a computer that lacks a hard drive |
| trivial file transfer protocol | diskless workstation |
| network time protocol | port 123 |
| ntp | synchronize the clocks of computers on a network |
| ping | packet internet groper |
| tcp | connection oriented |
| telnet | insecure |
| pinging | send a signal back and forth |
| ping | often employed simply to determine whether a host is up or down |
| ping | uses icmp |
| ftp | host running ftp server portion |
| difference between ftp and tftp | tftp does not allow directory browsing |
| ping switches | ? |
| ping switches | a |
| ping switches | n |
| ping switches | r |
| ? | displays the help text for ping command |
| a | when used with an ip address, resolves the address to a host name |
| n | allows you to specify a number of echo requests to send |
| r | when used with a number from one to nine displays the route taken during ping hops |
| time synchronization importance | maintaining accuracy,consistency between multiple storage systems |
| ping | provides verification |
| ping | send echo request and echo reply messages |
Created by:
cgeaski
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