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Physio Ch. 7 part 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| hearing is a...which detects | special sense...frequency or pitch |
| sound waves monitor frequency or pitch is measured in...and if you increase frequency... | # of cycles per second (Hz)...increase pitch |
| audible sound range | 20-20,000 HZ |
| sound waves also monitor...which is the... | loudness...amplitude of waves (how much deflection) |
| what sound range do you tend to lose first in old age | upper end |
| detection of sound waves uses what kind of receptors? and how do they detect the sound | mechanoreceptors...deformation of steriocilia |
| the bending of steriocilia on top of...does what | hair cells..physicall opens mechanically gated channels |
| vibration transmition goes from | outer ear, middle ear to inner ear |
| the outer ear contains the...and the major part of it is the... | pinna(auricle and external auditory canal..tympanic membrane |
| the middle ear contains what | malleus, incus and stapes and oval window |
| inner ear contains the...which has what inside it | cochlea...scala vestibuli, cochlear duct (basilar membrane) and scala tympani |
| the...inside the choclia... | fluid...vibrates which then vibrates the basilar membrane |
| the inner ear also has the..which is also called the...and allows for... | round window...2nd tympanic membrane...pressure relief |
| organ of corti is the... | true sensory area |
| organ of corti detects..which are.. | vibration of basilar membrane...cyclic vibrations |
| organ of corti detects vibration by the | movement of hair cells |
| deformation of steriocilia (...) alternates | flex...compression and release with sound waves |
| if the stereocilia bends toward kinocilium then...are opened and the hair cells.. | mechanically gated cation channels...depolarize |
| how does the bending of the steriocilia toward the kinocilium open the cation channels? | the steriocilia and kinocilium are connected by a ropelike structure, so the distance between the steriocilia and kinocilia increases when the sterioclia bends toward the kinocilia and the rope physically pulls open the channels |
| when the steriocilia bend toward the kinocilia, after the depolarization of the hair cell what three things happen | open voltage gated ca channels, release glutamate (excitatory) and stimulate afferent neurons (graded and AP) |
| the depolarization of hair cells is important because | endolymph has different ion concentrations and it is k that goes into the cell, not na |
| if the steriocilia bends away from the kino then | the mechanically gated cation channels close, the hair cell is repolarized and no neurotransmitter is released |
| neural pathway of audition | cochlear branch(vestibulocochlear nerve VIII), thalamus, auditory cortex |
| the auditory cortex has...so the neurons detecting different... | labeled lines...pitches are arranged in specific ways within the auditory cortex |
| high pitch is detected..and low pitch is detected at.. | at base of cochlea..apex/tip of cochlea |
| auditory cortex subconsciously montiros | interaural time (left v right ear) |
| interaural time: timing of...allows... | sound reception ...localization |
| conduction damage is in the...through... | cochlea...air conduction(through external auditory canal or ossicles) or bone conduction |
| conduction damage is damage specificallly to the...and can cause | tympanic membrane...otosclerosis(sclerosis of the ossicles) and otitis media (inflammation of fluid in middle ear) |
| conduction damage is treated by | hearing aids |
| sensorineural damage must be at..and is caused by | receptors (hair cells)...loud or prolonged noises |
| sensorineural pathway affects CNS or PNS | PNS |
| sensorineural damage is done to the...and is treated by... | cochlear portion of vestibulocochlear nerve...cochlear implants |
| central hearing loss is inthe CNS or PNS? | CNS |
| central hearing loss affects the | auditory tracts and auditory cortex |
| vestibular apparatus includes the | semicircular canals and vestibule |
| semicircular canals monitor | rotation and angular acceleration and deceleration |
| semicircular canals respond to...as in.. | changes in head rotation...nodding yes or no |
| vestibule contains the...for... | utricle and saccule...linear acceleration (up and down) |
| vestibule generally monitors | position relative to gravity |
| transmission of sound occurs in the...where the...initially stays...which causes... | semicircular canals...endolymp in canal...stationary ...pressure on cupula |
| transmission: semicircular cananls: cupula in...of...moves... | ampula...semicircular canals..as body moves |
| semicircular canals assist with...through the... | balance...deformation of steriocilia |
| stereocilia movement is relative to...and at rest they are... | endolymph..not bent (regular release of neurotransmitter) |
| deformation of stereocilia: stimulation happends when...which involves what 5 steps | stereo bends toward kino...open mechanically gated cation channels, depolarize hair cell, open voltage gated ca channels, release glutamate, stimulate afferent neurons |
| inhibition of stereocilia occurs when..and involves 3 things | stereocilia bend away from kno...close mechanically gated cation channels, hyperpolarize the hair cell and no neurotransmitter is released |
| transmission can also cocur in the...which responds to... | vestibule...gravity and linear acceleration |
| inside the vestibule is...which | gelatinous material and otoliths...move to detect gravity and linear acceleration |
| vestibule detects balance through the | deformation of stereocilia and movement of otoliths |
| the stimulation and inhibition of vestibule is the same as | the semicircular canals |
| neural pathways of balance | vestibular branch of vestibulocochlear nerve, thalamus, cerebral cortex |
| the cerebral cortex sends...and controls... | muscle info out...extraocular eye muscles (mainly medial and lateral) |
| cerebral cortex helps you...and involves the awareness of... | upright position and posture...body position, acceleration and deceleration |
| problems in the neural pathway of balance include | vetigo, motion sickness and miniere's disease |
| vertigo is an..which results in..because... | inner ear infection...mismatched information...pressure on stereocilia causes random bending in all directions |
| motion sickness occurs bec of | unfamiliar linear and rotational patterns |
| miniere's disease is | excess endolymph |
| miniere's disease has increased...and causes... | increased pressure in cochlea and vestibular apparatus...dizziness and ringing in the ears |
| gustation is deteced by | taste buds in lingual papillae |
| chemical receptors for gustation include what modalities | sweet (sgar and sweetners), sour (acidity H+), salty (na+), bitter (alkaloids) umami(glutamate/ msg) |
| umami includes | mushrooms, tomatoes, meat, seaweed etc |
| other factors that contribute to gustation are | pain (hot-capsaicin), texture and temp |
| neural pathway for taste | facial nerve (ant. 2/3 of tongue), glossopharyngeal (post 1/3), vagus (pharyngeal taste), thalamus, taste cortex |
| facial nerve sensory and motor functions | taste...facial expression |
| trigeminal nerve sensory function | facial sensation |
| what else affects taste | smell, mental impression, taste adversion, gender, age |
| olfaction is detected by...and uses... | olfactory epithelium...chemical receptors |
| how many chemical receptors are there for olfaction? | 1000+ types |
| chemical receptors for olfaction are...to...and if you combine receptor activation you get... | specific to chemical...different smells |
| neural pathway of smell | olfactory nerve, olfactory tract, olfcatory cortex or limbic system/thalamus and RAS |
| olfactory nerve: receptor n eurons in..through...then to the... and lastly to the... | olfactory epithelium...cribriform plate of ethmoid bone...olfactory bulb in cranium...olfactory tract |
| the olfactory tract is part of the | cerebellum |
| two destinations of olfaction | olfactory cortex and limbic system/thalamus/RAS |
| olfactory cortex does | identification and conscious interpretation of smell |
| limib system/thalamus/RAS is responsible for...via.. | awareness and emotional responses to food ...subcortical route |
| limbic system/thalamus/RAS has as a strong integration w/ | emotions/memories, food-getting behaviors, sexual behaviors, sympathetic system activation(dange) |
| anything else affect oflaction or your perception of smells | age, gender, smoking, colds and allergies, level of hunger, anosmia |
| synesthesia is when | somatic and special senses are mixed up instead of being perceived separately |
| synesthesia happens because of... | incorrect perception of a sense, cross wiring in the brain and cross activation |
| incorrect perception of a sense examples | touch interpreted as taste, sound interpreted as color, number interpreted as color |
| cross wiring in the brain happens because of...which affects the... | TPO (junction of temporal, parietal and occipital lobes)...higher area of integration and interpretation |
| cross activationis an imbalance of | chemicals for inhibition of adjacent or inappropriate pathways |
Created by:
handrzej
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