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Physio Ch. 7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| sensory information is either...and involves | conscious or unconscious...sensations and perception |
| sensations are...and include... | detectable...temp changes, light, sound, etc |
| perception is the...which includes three steps | understanding of the sensation...transduction in PNS, transmisstion to CNS, interpretation in CNS |
| unconscious sensory info would be things like...and sometimes you | blood pressure changes, hormone and enzyme release...can feel the effect (perceiving effect) |
| sensory information includes what types of info | internal (crucial for homeostasis) and external |
| sensory processing includes | sensory transduction, coding, neural pathways |
| sensory transduction has to have...which require... | sensory receptors...receptor potential 9graded potential) and action potential |
| sensory coding determines | type of sensation and which pathway to acitvate |
| sensory neural pathways interpret...and are.. | stimuli...afferent |
| sensory processing helps your body to...and involves the... | understand electrical signals...integration of info |
| types of sensory receptors include | peripheral ends of afferent neurons (gated channels) and specialized receptor cells (release neurotransmitter) |
| specialized receptor cells synapse with | afferent neuron |
| classes of sensory receptors | mechanoreceptors, thermo, photo, chemo, nociceptors |
| mechanoreceptors open...and are activated by | ion channels...stretch, tension, touch, pressure |
| stimuli are also called... | modalities |
| modalitites have...such as... | submodalities...temp = warm and cold, taste = sweet, salty, sour, bitter |
| adequate stimulus is what...it creates the | stimulates receptor with least intensity...best response |
| sensory transduction takes the stimulus and | turns it into an electrical stimulus so that the brain understands |
| the brain understands | APs and neurotransmitters |
| receptor potential is a...and it means... | graded potential...deceremental, not propogated, no voltage gated channels, localized, dendrites/cell bodies |
| action potentials must reach...use...and have what principle | threshold potential...voltage gated ion channels...all or none |
| frequency of APs= | ability to interpret sense |
| frequency of APs depend on | magntude and duration of receptor potentials and duration of axon refractory period |
| if you ^ the magnitude and duration of receptor potential... | you ^ AP |
| frequency is...but magnitude is not.. | changeable |
| magnitude or..of APs =... | strength...# of APs |
| adaptation is the | decreased receptor sensitivity |
| decreased receptor sensitivity in adaptation involves the...and can either be... | duration...rapid or slow |
| rapid adaptation has two responses... | on and on-off response (rubberband on head, stimu) |
| rapid adaptations on-off response produces an | after image |
| slow adaptation is..but...and includes some... | decreased frequency...continuous...touch sensations |
| sensory coding is how you | interpret, understand and localize stimulus |
| sensory unit includes | afferent neuron and associated receptors |
| receptive field is the...and they can... | tissue that a neuron is responsible for...overlap |
| primary coding components would be | receptor/first order neuron, modality, intensity, duration, efferent influence |
| receptor/first order neuron is the | true neuron |
| modality is | what sense |
| intensity is how | many APs from 1 stimulus |
| intensity depends on | frequency of stimulation, stimulation of terminals w/in the same afferent neuron, recruitment of additional sensory neurons |
| intensity uses | localization |
| localization are the...which are... | labeled lines..neurons are like electrical wires in house |
| labeled lines determine | modality and body locations |
| localization involves...which detects... | acuity...that two points of stimulus are two points of stimulus |
| acuity uses...which means if you ^... | two point discrimination..acuity you ^ ability to detect |
| things that influence acuity are | little convergence in ascending pathway, small receptor fields, little receptor field overlap |
| localization can be w/i...and means if you ^ acuity... | overlapping receptor fields...you have more direct sensation |
| there is more sensitivyt.. | in the center of receptor fields |
| lateral inhibition is between...and is the... | adjacent neurons...most important mechanism for localization |
| lateral inhibition inreases the | contrast between the central area of stimulation and peripheral areas |
| inhibition of adjacent neurons means | strong inhibition of neurons adjacent to area of stimulation and weak inhibition of neurons at the stimulus center |
| lateral inhibition means greatly reduced...and higher frequency of... | signaling from peripheral areas...signaling from the central area |
| duration of primary coding means you... | recall receptor adaptation |
| what does your body never adapt to | pain |
| efferent influence on primary coding would be | inhibition and disinhibition (greater degree of flexibility in signal coding - pain) |
| efferent influence on primary coding includes | interneurons and axoaxonic presynaptic inhibition |
| sensory neural pathways are..and have | ascending...first, second and third order neurons |
| first order neuron is the | sensory neuron from PNS to CNS |
| second order neuron is the...also called...and goes to... | CNS neuron..interneuron (bridge)...thalamus and brainstem |
| third order neuron is in the...and is also...that goes from the..to the... | CNS...an interneuron...thalamus...cerebral cortex (pyramidal cells for processing) |
| ascending patwhays can either | diverge (one neuron to several interneurons) or converge (several neurons to same neuron) |
| diverging pathways allow | info to be sent to multiple areas |
| converging pathways allow | multiple input for integration |
| specific ascending pathway uses | somatic recetors (all over body) and special senses |
| somatic receptrs > | somatosensory cortex (post central gyrus) |
| special senses > | specific areas of the brain and additional integration |
| special senses includ | rods and cones (visual cortex), cochlea (auditory), vestibule (vestibular centers), gustatory cells(taste cortex), olfaction (olfactory cortex, limbic and hypothalamic systems - not sent thru thalamus) |
| nonspecific ascending pathway uses...to tell the body... | general receptors..something happened |
| general receptors are...that acarry | polymodal neurons...multiple types of senses |
| nonspecific ascending patwhays | converge |
| polymodal neurons indicate...and are located in the... | something happend for alertness and arousal...brainstem, thalamus, RAS, non-discriminatory areas of cerebral cortex |
| nonspecific ascending pathways are used for | subconscious activity |
| sensory processing uses the...areas | cortical association |
| cortical association areas allow | integration of somatic and special senses, multiple special senses, collect info to form picture |
| cortical association areas = increased... | integration for processing info from different areas |
| cortical association areas integrate with...and causes... | past experience, memory and emotion...phantom limb pain |
| cortical association areas produce | varied responses and responses in multiple systems |
| cortical association areas are...stimulated | erroneously |
| touch and pressure is detected by...which are triggerd by... | mechanoreceptors...deformation of receptors |
| mechanoreceptors include | meissners corpuscles, merkeles discs, pacinian corpuscles, free nerve endings, ruffini corpuscle |
| meissners corpuscles are...and detect... | rapid adapting...light touch |
| meissners has the..system which causes an... | on-off rapid adapting system...after image |
| merkle's discs are..which means...and they detect.. | slow adapting...continue to feel senses at reduced level of sensitivity...discriinatory touch |
| pacinian corpuscles are...and detect... | rapid adapting...deep pressure and vibration |
| free nerve endings would be... | nociceptors and other mechanoreceptors |
| nociceptors detect...and they do not... | pain...adapt but CNS can block the pain |
| other mechanoreceptors are | slow adapting for itch and tickling |
| ruffini corpuscles are...and detect... | slow adapting..persistent touch and skin stretch |
| posture and movement use...for detection | mechanoreceptors and special sense |
| mechanoreceptors include | joint proprioceptors (kinesthesia of joints), intrafusal fiber stretch receptors (in spindle) and golgi tendon orgnas (monitor tension) |
| special senses for posture and movement include | eyes and vestibular apparatus |
| temperature is a...and uses..to detect temp changes | somatic sense...thermoreceptor |
| thermoreceptors are..and... | free nerve endings..transient receptor potential proteins |
| transient receptor potential proteins use. | temp gated channels and polymodal neurons |
| temp gated channels are..and what is the cation charge | nonspecific for cations...positive charge |
| polymodal neurons: some that respond to...also... | extreme temp...respond to painful stimuli |
| extreme temp = | pain |
| some thermoreceptors are | also chemical gated channels (cold and warm) |
| cold temp...are open when temp is... | cation channels..0-35 C |
| what activates the same cold ion channels | menthol |
| warm temp...open when temp is... | cation channels...30-50 C |
| warm temp means...activate the same ion channels | capsaicin (jalapenos) and ethanol (whiskey) |
| on the skin, ethanol feels...because... | cold...it is evaporating |
| both cold and warm temperature ranges...and the brain.. | overlap so both can be activated at the same time...determines how many of each are activated |
| pain is a...and it is detected by..which... | somatic sense...nociceptors...do not adapt |
| nociceptors are...with | free nerve endings, no specialized endings |
| nociceptors are activated by...such as... | a variety of intense/extreme stimuli...temp, pressure, chemicals (some produced in body in response to cell damage) |
| nociceptors release...which is a... | substance P or glutamate..neurotransmitter released from a stimulated afferent pain receptor |
| nociceptors detect...because they share a... | referred pain..common ascending pathway for somatic and visceral pain |
| somatic pain is more likely to | activate nociceptors which is why pain is usually somatically perceived even though the orgers are in pain |
| referred pain associates | pain signal with somatic location |
| referred pain is important | referent points for visceral pain (heart attack = left arm, appendicitis = right lower ab, kidney infection = lower back) |
| modificatin of pain is influenced by | memory, emotion and suggestion (parent/child effect and also placebo effect) |
| modification of pain can either be | hyperalgeisa or analgesia |
| hyperalgesia: 'hyper' means...so there is a...and also... | too much..prolonged sensitivity even after cessation of stimulation...increased sensitivity to stimulus |
| analgesia would be things like..in order to.. | pain killers...block/suppress pain |
| analgesia can also work through | transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (rubbing hurt area) |
| analgesia transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation includes...>... | electrode stimulation of skin, activate touch, pressure receptors in the area...inhibit nociceptors |
| analgesia is also produced by | stimulation |
| stimulation produced analgesia through | axoaxonic presynaptic inhibition (opiate), neurotransmitter (morphine) or acupuncture/acupressure) |
| capsaicin can be used to relieve...and activates... | pain (shingles)...heat receptors |
| source of pain is initially the | activation of pain receptors that increase release of substance P |
| capsaicin used as an analgesiac: prolonged exposure: | decrease in availability of substance P (block transmittion of pain |
| somatosensory pathways involve sensations you can | perceive |
| somatosensory pathways include | anterolateral and posterior |
| anterolateral pathways involve what neurons | 1st to spinal cord, 2nd cord to thalamus, 3rd thalamus to somatosensory cortex |
| where does decussation occur for anterolateral pathways | second order neuron right after the synapse with the first order neuron in the spinal cord |
| anterior spinothalamic pathway senses...and lateral spinothalamic pathway senses... | light touch and pressure...pain and temp |
| dorsal column pathway includes what neurons...decussates in the...and senses... | 1st to medulla, 2nd to thalamus, and 3rd to smatosensory cortex...medulla...discriminatory/fine touch, vibration and pressure(deep) |
| anesthesia is the...and happens as a result of | inability to sense things...spinal cord lesions |
| anterolateral spinothalamic pathways the effect is | contralateral relative to lesion |
| in dorsal column pathway the effect is | ipsilateral relative to lesion |
| vision is a...and includes | special sense...refraction and accomodation |
| refraction is the...and is done by the... | bending of light to focus an image on the retina...cornea and the lens fine tunes it |
| accomadation has the ability to | adjust for distance |
| accomodation uses the...which is attached to the.. | ciliary muscle...lens |
| far accomodation uses...which means the ciliary muscle...and the lens... | sympathetic inhibition of NE...relaxes...thins |
| near accomodation has the 4 C's | close = contract ciliary muscle, converge, pupils constrict |
| near accomodation is stimulated by... | parasympathetic CN III (ach muscarinic) |
| what does the lens do in near accomodation | thickens |
| presbyopia occurs in..and is the.. | old age...hardening of the lens so accomodation is lost |
| cataracts have...which means... | increased opacity of the lens...light doesn't go through well |
| myopia is...because the eye is..so vision focuses... | nearsightedness...too long...infront of the retina |
| hyperopia is...because the eye is...and vision focuses... | farsightedness...too short...behind the retina |
| astigmatism means you can..but... | focus light on retina..focus is uneven |
| astigmatism is | uneveness of the cornea |
| glaucoma causes...because there is an... | tunnel vision...increase in aqueous humor which means too much pressure on retina |
| macular degeneration is the loss of... | functional retina and loss of central vision |
| red-green color blindness is..and is a.. | an x-linked recessive genetic order (males)...mutation in genes for red and green opsins |
| light regulation in vision is done by the | iris |
| the iris has what two muscles | sphincter and radial |
| sphincter muscle is controlled by the...so when it contracts there is... | parasymp CN III...less light |
| radial muscle is controlled by the...so if it contracts then.. | symp...increase light |
| radial muscle is also triggered by | emotion and pain (pupils dialate) |
| you need the least light for | close things |
| photoreceptors | rods and cones |
| rods or...are for...and are...with.. | rhodopsin...black/white vision...very sensitive to light...poor contrast |
| rods are for the | periphery of the retina |
| cones are for the...and are also called | central part of the retina...opsin |
| cones detect...and require...each type... | red, green and blue pigments...brigh tlight...responds to specific range of wavelengths |
| cones have..and are located in the... | good contrast...fovea centralis |
| pathway of light through retina | ganglion cells to amacrine to bipolar cells to horizontal cells to rods and cones |
| absence of light means | neurotransmitter is released in dark |
| absence of light means the photoreceptors are | depolarized at rest |
| in the absence of light, photoreceptors retinal in | rods and cones retains its normal shape |
| when rods and cones retain normal shape it allows...which then... | na and ca channels to poen and move into cells...depolarizes the photoreceptors |
| photoreceptors in absence of light | release neurotramsitter |
| presence of light means photorecptors are | hyperpolarized (changes shape of rods and cones) |
| in the presence of light, the rods and cones are...which involves...and ultimately... | deformed by light...metabotropic receptors...closes na and ca channels (hyperpolarization) |
| photoreceptors stop | releasing neurotransmitter in the light |
| adaptation in the dark goes from..which means | bright to low light...poor vision and it takes time to reactivate rods |
| adaptation in the light goes from...so the...are overwhelmed -... | dark to brigh tlight..rods...high sensitivity until cones take over for rods |
| rods and cones only give...because.. | graded potential..no voltage gated ion channels (no AP) |
| rods and cones: dark - | open cation channels and depolarize, neurotransmitter released |
| rods and cones: light - | close cation channels and hyperpolarize, no neurotransmitter released |
| bipolar cells only produce...becuse | graded potentials...no voltage gated ion channels |
| bipolar cells ON pathway: have | inhibitory metabotropic glutamate receptors |
| ON pathway bipolar cells the...(which is released in the...)causes... | glutamate...dark...hyperpolarization |
| ON pathway bipolar cells: in light there is a..from.. | decrease in glutamate releases bipolar cells..inhibition |
| bipolar cells...and... | depolarize...release excitatory neurotransmitter |
| ON pathway ganglion cells | are depolarized and generate an AP |
| ON pathway bipolar and ganglion cells are...in the... | on...light |
| off pathway bipolar and ganglion cells are..in the.. | off...light |
| if the bipolar cells are on, then.. | the ganglion cell it synapses to will be on and vis versa |
| OFF pathway bipolar cells have | excitatory ionotropic glutamate receptors |
| OFF pathway bipolar cells means...causes... | glutamate...depolarization (glutamate is released in the dark) |
| OFF pathway bipolar cells in the light: | decrease in glutamate inhibits bipolar cell to give contrast and shading |
| OFF pathway bipolar cells...and do not... | hyperpolarize...release excitatory neurotransmitter |
| OFF pathway ganglion cells are | not depolarized and do not generate APs |
| off pathway bipolar and ganglion cells are | off in the light |
| ganglion cells generate..OFF pathway ganglion cells... | APs...generate APs in the absence of light |
| advantage of ganglion cells | gives contrast and acuity in vision |
| accessory neurons are the...which do.. | horizontal and amacrine cells..communication between areas of the reinta to coordinate what is going on |
| ON AND OFF pathways actually are arranged in...and this arrangement of...determines... | fields...field and location of light on field...when the field is stimulated or inhibited |
| neural pathway of vision | optic nerve (CN II), optic chiasm, optic tract, thalamus, visual cortex |
| optic nerve is made of | ganglion cell axons |
| optic chiasm is where...and the... | temporal fieldscross...nasal fields remain ipsilateral |
| optic tract (right) | right nasal field and left temp |
| optic tract (left) | left nasal field and right temp |
| visual cortex is where...and other CNS areas receiving info from they eye would be... | most info goes...suprachiasmatic nucleus and cerebellum |
| suprachiasmatic nucleus does..and goes to the... | circadian rhythm...pineal gland for melatonin production |
| cerebellum coordinates | eye movement and pupil size |
Created by:
handrzej
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