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Ther. Modalities
Test 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Inflammation is what? | the local response of the body to an irritant. |
| What is the purpose of inflammation? | defend the body against alien substances and dispose of dead and dying tissue so repair can take place. |
| What are the cardinal signs of inflammation? | rubor, calor, edema, dolor, and funca laesa. |
| Rubor is what? | redness. |
| Calor is what? | heat. |
| Edema is what? | swelling. |
| Dolor is what? | pain. |
| Funca laesa is what? | functional loss. |
| Inflammation is | necessary. |
| There is no healing without what? | inflammation. |
| What are the 8 phases of inflammation? | primary injury, ultrastructural changes, chemical mediation, hemodynamic changes, metabolic changes, permeability changes, leukocyte migration, and phagocytosis. |
| Primary injury is what? | any occurrence that impairs tissue structure or function. |
| What are the types of injury? | macrotrauma, microtrauma, physical, metabolic, biological, and chemical. |
| Ultrastructural changes is when? | the cellular membrane is disrupted and eventually breaks down and contents spill out into the extracellular spaces, thereby killing the damaged cell. |
| What are the two causes ultrastructural changes? | direct (trauma) and indirect (hypoxia & enzymes) |
| What are the chemical mediators? | histamine, bradykinin, and other chemical mediators. |
| Chemical mediators are activated by what? | ultrastructural changes. |
| Chemical mediators do what? | signal the body there's damage and direct the body to respond. |
| Chemical mediators modify and regulate the rest of the inflammatory response to what? | neutralize the cause of the injury and remove cellular debris so repair can take place. |
| Hemodynamic changes do what? | mobilize and transport components of the blood to the injury site. |
| Leukocytes do what? | marginate, tumble along the vessel wall, adhere to the vessel wall near an opening. |
| During the metabolic changes cells need what? | energy (ATP). |
| Decreased oxygen=?=? | decreased energy= cells switch to anaerobic metabolism (glycolysis). |
| Membrane attacked= | lysosome digests cell. |
| Continued anaerobic metabolism= | increased intracellular acidosis (lactic acid). |
| Lysosomes do what? | supply chemicals that digest foreign material within the cell and gets rid of it. |
| During permeability changes histamine and bradykinin increase what? | the permeability of small blood vessels. |
| Leukocyte Migration includes what? | neutrophils and macrophages. |
| Neutrophils | travel fast and arrive at the injury site first. |
| Neutrophils provide what? | the first line of defense against bacterial infection. |
| Neutrophils can cause damage to what? | healthy cells. |
| Neutrophils when they die, they release what? | (7 hours) they release chemical mediators that attract macrophages. |
| Macrophages live for how long? | months. |
| Macrophages are the long-lasting what? | second line of defense. |
| Macrophages main function is what? | to clean up cellular debris. |
| Macrophages release what? | chemical mediators that may prolong inflammation and aid in healing. |
| Leukocytes engulf what? and who moves it? | bacterium and lysosomes move it. |
| Phagocytosis creates what? | free proteins and edema. |
| Chronic inflammation results from what? | microtrauma or recurring acute inflammation. |
| Chronic inflammation occurs when? | inflammation response unable to eliminate cause of injury and restore normal function. |
| Blood and debris= | hematoma. |
| Hematoma presses on nerve fibers= | more pain. |
| The inflammatory response is not all ____. | positive. |
| Secondary injury model is what? | the body's response to tissue damaged by trauma (primary injury) leads to further tissue damage, known as secondary injury. |
| What are the two mechanisms that result in secondary injury? | Enzymatic and hypoxia. |
| Localized ischemia= | deficiency in ATP production. |
| Deficiency in ATP production is due to what? | hypoxia, poor fuel delivery, and poor waste removal. |
| Secondary metabolic injury is caused by what? | blood vessel damage and decreased blood flow. |
| Hemorrhaging is what kind of swelling? | the initial swelling. |
| Edema formation is what kind of swelling? | the next day swelling. |
| Hemorrhaging is what? | bleeding from damaged blood vessel walls; controlled through clotting. |
| Hydrostatic pressure is what? | pressure exerted by a column of water. |
| Hydrostatic pressure is exerted by what? | the water portion of blood. |
| Hydrostatic pressure pushes what? | water. |
| Capillary hydrostatic pressure pushes what? | fluid out of the capillary. |
| Tissue hydrostatic pressure pushes what? | fluid into the capillary. |
| Secondary injury results in what? | increased edema. |
| How does cold decrease swelling? | it doesn't. |
| Ice can what? | limit or reduce edema, not decrease it. |
| RICES stand for what? | Rest, ice, compression, elevation, and stabilization. |
| What are the three orthopedic injury care stages? | acute, subacute, postacute. |
| Why RICES? | to limit total injury, swelling, pain, further injury, and muscle spasm. |
| Cold decreases what? | blood flow. |
| Compression why? | helps control edema formation. |
| Elevation why? | decreases capillary and tissue hydrostatic pressure. |
| Stabilization why? | to support injured limb so muscles can relax. |
| What is the goal of cold? | decrease tissue metabolism. |
| Cold is the absence of what? | heat. |
| Factors that affect tissue cooling? | size of cold modality, surface area contact, length of application, individual variability, and heat capacity of modalities. |
| Prevent swelling is what? | decrease metabolism. cold effective. |
| Remove swelling is what? | stimulate lymph flow. cold is a waste of time. |
| Ace bandage is preferred when wrapping ice. True or false? | true. |
| Cold urticaria is what? | allergic to ice. you get a rash. |
| The more protein in the area means what? | the bigger the scar. |
| Repair follows what? | inflammation. |
| Repair begins when? | within a couple of days after injury. |
| Repair begins depending on what? | the size of the hematoma. |
| What are the two types of repair? | reconstitution with the same type of cells as were injured and replacement with simpler cells. |
| In reconstitution most of the damaged cells are replaced with what? | by identical cells. |
| Replacement results in what? | scar tissue formation. |
| What are the four phases of repair? | cellular, vascular, collagenization, contraction and restructuring. |
| Cellular repair= | leukocyte migration and phagocytosis. |
| Vascular repair forms what? | new vessels. |
| Capillary budding is the primary mechanism of what? | the vascular phase. |
| Collagenization is what? | manufacturing and laying down collagen in the would space. |
| Collagen is what? | the principle solid substance of ligaments, tendons, and scar tissue. |
| Fibroblasts manufacture what? | strands of collagen, then extrude it into the wound space. |
| Collagenization requires great amounts of what? | oxygen. |
| Contraction and reconstructing are two processes that affect what? | collagen by which scars become smaller and paler. |
Created by:
danreid
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