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Endocrine Glands
Exam #1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Homeostatis | The tendency to maintain the constancy of the internal invironment. |
| Our cells are surrounded by? Which constitute? | Extracellular Fluid, Internal environment |
| Negative Feedback | System in which effectors causes a change that's opposite the initial disturbance (opposes) |
| Positive Feedback | System in which the effectors causes a change that's in the same direction as the disturbance (reinforces) |
| What are the 2 characteristics of Positive Feedback | It's rare in normal physiology but common in disease and it's always self limited |
| Examples of physiological variables are? | B/P, body temp, plasma concentrations of various ions and metabolically important molecules like O2, CO2, glucose etc.. |
| The key to maintain homeostasis is the presence? | Regulatory Mechanism |
| The negative feedback control system involves the following components? | A sensor, a controller, and one or more effectors |
| What is Gap Junction? | The structure that allows the direct passage of smaller molecular weight substances from one cell to the next |
| The Nervous system... | releases neurotransmitter from one cell to another and involves the propagation of action potential |
| The neurotransmitters that are release in the nervous system must diffuse across a space called? | synaptic cleft |
| Neurotransmitter receptors can be found on? | neurons, skeletal muscle cells, smooth muscle cells, cardiac muscle cells, and gland cells |
| The nervous system operates on a timeframe of? | Milliseconds (msec) |
| The endocrine system involves the release of signal molecules called? Into? | hormones, bloodstream |
| What are target cells? | Cells which have receptors that recognize a given hormone |
| The endocrine gland operates on a timeframe of ? | slower tha NS, seconds to days |
| What is neuroendocrine? | Neurotransmitter that are released into the bloodstream |
| What is Autocrine? | (local) molecules that interacts on itself or a member of the same cell type |
| What is Paracrine? | (local) target cells that have different cell types |
| Exocrine glands secrete into? which ends up draining to a? | ducts, body surface |
| Some examples of the endocrine glands whose sole function is hormone productions are? | Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pineal and adrenal glands |
| What is endocrinology? | Branch of medicine which handles disorders of the endocrine glands |
| What is Half-life? | Time that it takes for the body to reduce the concentration of hormone by 50% |
| What are 3 forms of hormone release/secretion? | humerol stimuli, neural stimuli, hormonal stimuli |
| What is humerol stimuli? | Concentration od something in the blood regulates hormone secretion |
| A decrease in blood Ca+ in humerol stimuli... | increase PTH |
| An increase in blood Ca+ in humerol stimuli... | decrease PTH |
| The humerol factor in humerol stimuli is? | Blood Ca+ concentration |
| What is Catecholamine? | Release from the adrenal medulla is controlled by sympathetic nerve stimulation |
| An example in which hormone A stimulates the secretion of hormone B which in turn inhibits the release of hormone A is called? | negative feedback loop |
| Based on solubility, hormones can be divided into? | lipid soluble, water soluble |
| This is all derived from arachidonic acid? | eicosanoids |
| What are 2 examples of ecosanoids? | prostaglandins, leuktrienes |
| Hormones can be classified as? | amino- acid based hormones, steroid hormones, and eicosanoids (paracrine factors) |
| Lipid soluble hormones circulate bound to? | carrier protein |
| All hormones interact with a protein called? | receptors |
| Upon receptor binding, the hormone-receptor complex binds to? altering the rate of production of certain? | DNA, mRNAs |
| Receptors for steroid hormones are found within the? | nucleus |
| cAMP mediated hormone processes involve a receptor found on the? | surface (plasma membrane) |
| The enzyme that is responsible for porduction of cAMP from ATPis called? | adenylate cyclase |
| When cAMP is formed it activates an enzyme called? which carries out the chemical process called? | protein kinase A, phosphorylation |
| What is neuro stimuli? | In the nervous system that triggers secretion. Increase sympathetic supply to adrenal medulla which will cause increase in epinephrine |
| Hormonal stimuli.... | Hormone 1 causes an increase in hormone 2 |
| What is lipid soluble? | Steroid hormones that derived from cholesterol (thyroid hormones) |
| What is water soluble? | Peptide hormone made of amino acids. |
| What is eicosanoids? | (prostagladins & leukotrienes) derived from arachidonic acids |
| How does water and lipid soluble circulate in blood? | water- freely lipid- bonds to a carrier proteins |
| In water and lipid soluble, where are the receptors located within the target cell? | water- cell membrane lipid- within the nucleus |
| How does activation involve in water/lipid soluble? | water- second messenger lipid- altered transcription (DNA to mRNA) |
| What are the time frames of water/lipid soluble? | water- fast (seconds to minutes) lipid- slow (hours to days) |
Created by:
jenjeta
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