Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Physio Ch. 10
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| afferent division is for...and is located in the | sensory reception...posterior spinal root |
| interneurons perform and are in the | integration and CNS |
| efferent neurons are in the...and they perform... | anterior spinal root...effector activation |
| somatic motor system goes from...to... | CNS...skeletal muscle effector |
| somatic motor system has...with only... | one neuron...one synapse in PNS at the effector |
| somatic motor system is...and the neurotransmitter is | excitatory...ACH nicotinic |
| afferent information input is...which collects | sensory...info for a desired movement |
| sensory input involves using | proprioception |
| integration processes...and assesses...or develops... | how do i want to change?...input...a specific intended movement |
| integration processing determines...and creates a.. | necessary action...motor program |
| motor programs | formulate the neural activity required for the action |
| efferent information is...through the... | output..descending pathways |
| descending pathways do...and send... | motor output...appropriate signals to appropriate areas |
| desired action involves a...which contain... | motor neuron pool and associated muscles...motor units (how many to activate) |
| voluntary movement is the..involving the... | conscious awareness of movement...what's and why moving |
| whats moving is...why moving is... | physical awareness...purposeful movemen |
| involuntary movement has | no conscious awareness (automatic) |
| reality of movements is that | movement is a combo of voluntary and involuntary |
| combo of voluntary and invol means | learned actions becomes automatic (walking) and reflexes can sometimes be consciously blocked or augmented |
| control hierarchy has 3 levels | higher, middle and lower |
| higher level is in the..and does overall... | CNS...organization of action |
| higher levels develop...and are located... | a movement plan....in no specific location of CNS |
| middle level is in the...and it... | CNS...formulates a motor program |
| motor programs organize...and coordinate... | the specifics of a movement and collection of info from proprioceptors...info and actions |
| coordination of info and actions starts with the...and ends with the...by using the | initial body position...desired position ...agonists and antagonists |
| local level is in the...and it | CNS AND PNS, receives, integrates and sends sensory information (instructions) |
| local control involves the | brainstem or spinal cord |
| afferent sensory neurons send info to the...such as when you... | CNS...balance on one leg |
| balancing on one leg involves | pacinian corpuscles (lamellated) for deep pressure |
| balancing on one leg uses...in the... | proprioceptors...joints |
| balancing on one leg uses...receptors | intrafusal fiber stretch |
| balancing on one leg involves the...organ which tells you... | golgi tendon...how much the muscle is being stretched |
| interneurons are the...because they... | communicating neurons...integrate info from afferent neurons and integrate info within the cns and send instructions to efferent neurons |
| efferent motor neurons take info from...to... | cns...effectors |
| there is only a + sign at the muscle fibers because | you can only inhibit the motor neuron, not the effector |
| stretch monitoring systems have | two steps occuring together |
| muscle structure includes... | extrafusal fibers, muscle spindle, tendon |
| extrafusal fibers do | the contraction by developing tension |
| muscle spindles are...and are surrounded by a...with..inside them | embedded in the extrafusal fibers...CT capsule...intrafusal fibers |
| intrafusal fibers are | skeletal muscle cells w stretch receptor in middle of fiber |
| intrafusal fibers have | stretch receptors inside them |
| the tendon has the...which contains.. | golgi tendon organ...stretch receptors |
| golgi tendon organ has...for... | sensory receptors...tension on tendon |
| reflex involves | stimulus, receptor (afferent), integration, effector(efferent) and response |
| length monitoring systems have | extrafusal and intrafusal fiber stretch, extrafusal contraction, alpha gamma coactivation and reciprocal innervation |
| extrafusal and intrafusal fiber stretch: stimulation of... | intrafusal fiber stretch receptors |
| ^ stretch receptor AP = | greater stimulus |
| extrafusal fiber contraction involves...stimulation of... | alpha neuron..extrafusal fibers |
| reduced stimulation of...because... | intrafusal fiber stretch receptors...extrafusual fibers compact so stretch receptors must compact |
| reducted stimulation of intrafusal fiber stretch receptors = | decreased stretch receptor AP |
| the problem with extrafusal fiber contraction is | that you can't detect stretch |
| alpha-gamma coactivation: gamma neurons are activated which results in | shortening by pulling out to pull stretch receptor = more signals to continue contracting |
| gamma neuron activation of...is...with alpha neuron activation | intrafusal fibers...concurrent |
| gamma neuron activation leads to | intrafusal fiber contraction |
| what two steps are going on in stretch monitoring systems | extrafusal fiber contraction and alpha gamma coactivation |
| reciprocal innervation is the stimulation of...and inhibition of... | agonist...antagonist |
| why do we inhibit the antagonist? | to release tension |
| tensino monitoring systems: extrafusal fiber contraction or stretch involves the stimulation of...which can either be... | golgi tendon organ..passive or active |
| passive muscle stretch leads to | ^ stretch receptor AP (just a little stimulation) |
| active muscle contraction = | ^^ stretch receptor AP (more frequent signals) |
| reciprocal innervation in tension monitoring systems inhibits...and stimulates...why? | agonist...antagonist..so you don't break the tendon |
| somatic motor reflexes effect | excitatory or inhibitory |
| inhibitory somatic motor reflex effects the | alpha motor neuron |
| somatic motor reflexes can either be | monosynaptic or multisynaptic(association(inter)neurons) |
| complexity of a reflex depends on | number of synapses |
| location of sensation and effect is either | ipsilateral or contralateral |
| ipsilateral means...and is either... | same side...mono or multisynaptic |
| contralateral means...and is... | stimulus and effect are on opposite sides of the body...multisynaptic bec it requires interneuron |
| stretch reflex: knee jerk: what is stretched | rectus femoris extrafusal and intrafusal fibers |
| stretch receptors in...detect...in the knee jerk | spindles...intrafusal fiber stretch |
| in the knee jerk, sensory neurons s ynapses in...with... | spinal cord...alpha motor neuron |
| alpha motor neurons go to...of the...to... | extrafusal fibers...rectus femoris and synergistic muscles for stimulation...contract |
| reciprocal innervation of stretch reflex - sensory neuron...extrafusal fibers of... | synapses in spinal cord with alpha motor neuron...hamstring muscle inhibited (knee flexors) |
| reflexes: withdrawal or...reflex uses...for... | flexor...nicceptors...detection of pain |
| flexor reflex on side of injury is...and there is a stimulation of...and inhbition of... | ipsilateral...knee flexor (agonist)...knee extensor (antagonist) |
| cross extensor reflex means the reflex is on | the opposite leg for extension (contralateral) |
| cross extensor reflex stimulates...and inhibits... | knee extensor...knee flexor |
| cerebral cortex has | sensorimotor cortex and neural networks |
| sensorimotor cortex includes the | somatosensory cortex, parietal lobe association cortex, primary motor cortex, premotor area, supplementary motor cortex |
| somatosensory cortex detects...from... | sensory afferent info...all over body (presure, touch, warm cold etc) |
| somatosensory cortex is located on the | postcentral gyrus |
| parietal lobe association cortex integrates | multiple senses |
| tensino monitoring systems: extrafusal fiber contraction or stretch involves the stimulation of...which can either be... | golgi tendon organ..passive or active |
| reciprocal innervation in tension monitoring systems inhibits...and stimulates...why? | agonist...antagonist..so you don't break the tendon |
| somatic motor reflexes effect | excitatory or inhibitory |
| primary motor cortex sends | info to specific motor unit |
| primary motor cortex is...and is on the...and is made of the...and makes the... | efferent...precentral gyrus...pyramidal cells (originate motor message)...somatotopic map |
| neural networks are like the...and provide... | roads through brain for communication...interconnecteness among areas |
| subcortical and brainstem nuclei develop and are involved in... | sequence of movements for action and parkinsons disease |
| parkinson is a malfunction of | basal nuclei and activation of motor cortex |
| malfunction of basal nuclei and activation of motor cortex = imbalance between | excitatory and inhibitory input to basal nuclei and thus to motor cortex (lose ability to balance) |
| parkinsons involves two types of esia's | akinease(Loss or impairment of the power of voluntary movement) and bradykinesia (slowness of movement) |
| parkinsons defects movement by | causing rigidity and muscle tremors at rest |
| treatments for parkinson include | l-dopa (dopamine replacement), dopamine receptor agonists(activates receptors), dopamine enzyme inhibitors, electrical stimulation of underactive area, destruction of overactive areas |
| a controversial treatment for parkinsons is | undifferentiated embryonic stem cells |
| cerebellum assesses...and controls...of movement which includes... | sensory stimuli...coordination...fluid and accurate movement |
| cerebellum is involved in | movement memories |
| cerebellar disease is also called...and causes... | intention tremor...tremor during action, lack of coordination of movement, unstable posture and gait, difficulty learning new movements and modify movements |
| the motor cortex directs | motor units |
| descending pathways include the | corticospinal (lateral, anterior, corticobulbar) and brainstem pathways |
| descending pathways go from | the CNS to PNS(muscle cells) |
| descending pathways are..so they are controlled by the..and use what type of neurons | efferent...somatic system...upper and lower motor neurons (alpha and gamma) |
| upper motor neurons are also called...and they synapse in three places | pyramidal neurons...interneurons, alpha motor neurons (extrafusal fibers) and gamma motor neurons (intrafusal fibers) (last two are lower motor neurons) |
| overall effects of descending pathways on alpha motor neurons | excitatoyr and inhibitory (at the muscle it is only excitatory) |
| descending pathways get feedback to brain via...which uses...and asks the question... | synapse with afferent system...stretch and proprioceptors...did you accomplish the movement? |
| corticospinal pathways control...and are also called | conscious movement..pyramidal or direct tracts |
| motor pathways names = | where they are in the spinal cord |
| corticospinal cord goes from..to..to..and use what neurons | cortex..spinal cord...effector...upper and lower motor neurons(alpha) |
| most...is controlled by corticospinal pathways | skeletal muscles |
| corticospinal pathways can either...or... | converge (sensorimotor cortex neurons converge to coordinate movement)..diverge (corticospinal neurons diverge to motor neurons) |
| corticospinal pathways..which occurs in the..and means... | decussate...CNS...left side to right side and right side to left side |
| lateral corticospinal tracts account for...decussate in the...and affect the... | 80-90% of pyramidal fibers...medulla...limbs, hands feet |
| anterior corticospinal tract account for...decussate at tthe...and affect the... | 10-20% of pyramidal fibers...level of synapse in spinal cord...axial trunk skeletal muscles |
| anterior corticospinal tract would be responsible for how to | hoola hoop |
| corticobulbar tracts don't go..but they do go from..to... | all the way down spinal cord...motor cortex...brainstem and cranial nerves |
| corticobulbar tracts decussation is...and this tract controls... | variable (some are bilateral meaning that some fibers from same tract will decussate but other wont)...skeletal muscles in the head (eyes, tongue, chewing, face, speech, neck) |
| corticospinal pathway damage can result in | spastic or flaccid paralysis |
| spastic paralysis means the..is intact, and you will see the... | spinal cord reflex..babinski sign (indicator of damage to pyramidal cells) |
| spastic paralysis affects the...which indicates.. | upper motor neurons in the cerebral cortex...pyarmidal cell damage |
| spinal cord lesions of spastic paralysis: lateral corticospinal tract: motor damage is...and lesion is... | ipsilateral relative to lesion...contralateral relative to neuron cell body |
| anterior corticospinal tract damage:...contralateral relative to lesion and ...is ipsilateral relative to neuron cell body | damage...lesion |
| flaccid paralysis affects...by damage to the...and the lesion is... | specific muscle paralysis and atrophy...lower motor neurons...ipsilateral to the effect |
| brainstem pathway is an...and goes from... | extrapyramidal tract...brainstem to spinal cord to effector |
| brainstem pathway affects the...through.. | muscles of the trunk (balance, walking, posture)...unconscious or automatic control |
| brainstem pathways, most...which means...and which side of the brain controls movement in your right external oblique muscles? | do not exhibit decussaion...left to left, right to right...right |
| pathway overlap and complement: corticospinal and brainstem pathways | overlap in function |
| corticospinal pathway does most | fine/detailed movement and voluntary movement |
| brainstem pathway does most | gross movements of balance, posture and orienting the body relative to stimulus and also most involutnary movemnts of tonus, posture and balance |
| muscle tone is defined as | resistance to passive movement (stretch) |
| hypertonia is an...which results in... | increase in tone...rigidity, spasms, cramps, spasticity after stretching |
| hypertonia increases...which = | alpha motor neuorn activity...increase skeletal muscle activity |
| hypertonia inhibits...which results in... | descending patwhway...colstridium tetani (block neurotransmitter relase to inhibitory neurons) |
| hyoptonia is a lack of...and results in... | instruction to alpha motor neurons...decrease tone (flaccid muscles) |
| hypotonia decreases...and causes... | alpha motor neuron activity...neuromuscular unction disorders (ach deficit, ion imbalance etc) |
| hyoptonia causes disorders of | muscle itself (muscuclar dystrophy) |
| posture and balance depend on | coordination of systemsand postural reflexes (crossed-extensor reflex) |
| coordination of systems includes which systems | vision, vestibular apparatus(sensory organ of balance), somatic receptors (proprioceptors and touch/pressure) |
| primary motor cortex is located on the...and contains the | precentral gyrus...pyramidal cells and somatopic map |
| the pyramidal cells is where...originates | motor message |
| somatosensory corte and parietal lobe association cortex are...and...is... | afferent..primary motor cortex..efferent |
Created by:
handrzej
Popular Physiology sets