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Ch.4 ecology
Ecosystems and communities
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Day-to-day condition of Earth's atmosphere at a particular time and place | Weather |
| Year-after-year conditions of temperature and precipitation in a particular region | Climate |
| Natural situation in which heat is retained in Earth's atmosphere by carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and other gases | Greenhouse effect |
| Cold areas where sun's rays strike Earth at a very low angle; located around North and South poles | Polar zones |
| Between polar zone and tropics | Temperate zones |
| Near the equator, between 23.5 degrees North and South latitudes | Tropical zones |
| Biological influences on organisms within an ecosystem | Biotic factors |
| Physical, or nonliving, factors that shape ecosystems | Abiotic factors |
| The full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions | Niche |
| Any necessity of life | Resource |
| Ecological rule that states that no two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time | Competitive exclusion principle |
| An interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism | Predation |
| Any relationship in which two species live closely together | Symbiosis |
| Both species benefit from the relationship | Mutualism |
| One member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed | Commensalism |
| One organism lives on or inside another organism and harms it | Parasitism |
| Series of predictable changes that occurs in a community over time | Ecological succession |
| Succession that occurs on surfaces where no soil exists | Primary succession |
| First species to populate the area | Pioneer species |
| When a disturbance is over, community interactions tend to restore the ecosystem to its original condition | Secondary succession |
| Ability to survive and reproduce under conditions that differ from their optimal conditions | Tolerance |
| Climate in a small area that differs from the climate around it | Microclimate |
| Dense covering of tropical rain forests | Canopy |
| A second layer of shorter trees and vines | Understory |
| A tree that sheds its leaves during a particular season each year | Deciduous |
| A tree that produces seed-bearing cones and most have leaves shaped like needles | Coniferous |
| A material formed from decaying leaves and other organic matter that makes soil fertile | Humus |
| Biome in which the winters are cold but summers are mild enough to allow the ground to thaw | Taiga |
| A layer of permanently frozen subsoil | Permafrost |
| A general term for the tiny, free-floating organisms that live in both freshwater and saltwater environments | Plankton |
| Unicellular algae | Phytoplankton |
| Planktonic animals | Zooplankton |
| An ecosystem in which water either covers the soil or is present at or near the surface of the soil for at least part of the year | Wetland |
| Wetlands formed where rivers meet the sea | Estuaries |
| Made up of tiny pieces of organic material that provide food for organisms at the base of the estuary's food web | Detritus |
| Temperate-zone estuaries dominated by salt-tolerant grasses above the low-tide line, and by seagrasses under water | Salt marshes |
| Coastal wetlands that are widespread across tropical regions | Mangrove swamps |
| Well-lit upper layer of the oceans | Photic zone |
| Permanently dark layer of the oceans below the photic zone | Aphotic zone |
| Prominent horizontal banding of organisms that live in a particular habitat | Zonation |
| Marine zone that extends from the lowtide mark to the end of the continental shelf | Coastal ocean |
| Coastal ocean community named for its dominant organism - kelp, a giant brown alga | Kelp forests |
| Diverse and productive environment named for the coral animals that make up its primary structure | Coral reefs |
| Organisms that live attached to or near the ocean floor | Benthos |
Created by:
Hagi131096
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